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Shareholder agreement Hong Kong

Shareholders’ Agreement 101 – Do I Need One?

Test Blog

Shareholders’ Agreement 101 – Do I Need One?

January 28, 2021 by OLN Marketing

Why do you need a shareholders’ agreement?

When friends or family members come together to form a company, more often than not, they will not consider the need for a shareholders’ agreement as they tend to rely on mutual trust, respect and confidence. Of course, this generally works perfectly when the business is doing well and profitable, and while the shareholders are receiving their expected return on investment. But what if things turn sour? Whether the business is not doing well or trust and confidence morph into distrust and suspicion, what can shareholders do? In circumstances like these, the shareholders’ agreement comes into play. A well drafted shareholders’ agreement should be able to offer a solution to the parties in most cases. As with any other agreement such as those for sale and purchase, and loan transactions, the importance of a shareholders’ agreement is to safeguard interests of the shareholders and if disputes arise between the parties, there is an agreement they can fall back on setting out clearly what the parties can or cannot do, and shall or shall not do.

What is a shareholders’ agreement?

Shareholders’ agreement is an essential agreement between the shareholders of a company and the company itself. It can be between the company and all or just some of the shareholders; for instance, a company with different classes of shares and holders of different classes of shares might prefer to separately enter into a shareholders’ agreement with the company instead of with holders of all classes of shares. A shareholders’ agreement is used to govern the company’s management and operation and sets out all the rights and obligations between the shareholders and the company. A shareholders’ agreement is particularly important for third party investors investing in an existing company or business or when unrelated parties come together to form a new company.

What terms are to be included in a shareholders’ agreement differ according to the parties’ needs and bargaining power and/or the particular type of business. Still, a typical shareholders’ agreement normally consists of the following terms:

  • the type of business the company will run
  • the management of the company, i.e., the composition of the board of directors and any committees
  • the right of shareholders to nominate directors
  • frequency, procedures for convening and holding board meetings and shareholders’ meetings
  • matters which require simple majority, super majority or unanimous votes
  • specific obligations of shareholders
  • dividend policy
  • issue of new shares and admission of new shareholders
  • transfer of shares
  • anti-dilution mechanism
  • deadlock
  • minority shareholder protection
  • further financing needs of the company
  • non-competition undertaking by shareholders
  • term and termination of the shareholders’ agreement
  • dispute resolutions

If investments are to be made in stages, the shareholders’ agreement would normally include the timetable for capital contribution, share subscription by the shareholders, shareholding structure and other typical clauses in a share subscription agreement.

Minority protection

Where a company has only two shareholders, one of them holds 51% (majority shareholder) and the other one holds 49% (minority shareholder) of the issued shares, the minority shareholder typically has no control over how the company will be managed and operated as the minority shareholder will be out-voted by the majority shareholder at general meetings, assuming all decisions only require a simple majority vote, i.e., >50%, of the shareholders to pass. However, according to the Companies Ordinance (Cap.622, Laws of Hong Kong), certain decisions of a company are required to be passed by special resolutions, i.e., passed by at least 75% of the voting shares. These decisions include the alteration of the articles of association, change of the company’s name, reduction in the share capital of the company, etc., meaning that the majority shareholder in the above case cannot simply pass a resolution by itself to alter the articles of association of the company. In addition to those decisions specified in the Companies Ordinance that must be approved by special resolutions, to protect their interests, the minority shareholder will negotiate with the majority shareholder for other matters to be passed by special resolutions which are not otherwise required so by law. Common examples include capital expenditure above a certain amount, disposal of material assets, change in the company’s principal business, further financing through equity or borrowings or change in dividend policy, etc. 

Often when an investor invests in a business as a minority shareholder, the investor is in fact investing in the experience, expertise and knowledge in the industry and business operation of the company’s management team who are normally the majority or founding shareholders of the company. In case the majority shareholders decide to divest and sell their shares, the investor could also consider selling their shares as there may be uncertainty as to the management, operation and profitability of the business once the company changes hands. Hence, the investor will almost inevitably request a “tag-along right” to be incorporated in the shareholders’ agreement, giving the investor the right but not the obligation to co-sell its shares on the same terms to the prospective buyer of the majority stake. 

A minority investor would normally request a non-competition undertaking from the company and the majority shareholders to oblige them not to engage in any business operations or investment in other businesses that are similar to or in direct competition with that of the company. This is to avoid any negative impact on the profitability of the company. 

Majority protection

Not only do minority shareholders need a shareholders’ agreement to protect their interests, majority shareholders also have certain interests that require safeguarding. A potential nightmare for a majority shareholder could be when they have found a prospective buyer willing to buy-out 100% of the company but the minority shareholder refuses to sell their shares. What happens next is the entire deal falls through. To avoid this, the shareholders’ agreement should include a clause whereby if the majority shareholder decides to sell all of their shares in the company to a third-party buyer, they will have the right (but not the obligation) to request the minority shareholder(s) to also sell their shares in the company on the same terms. Once requested by the majority shareholder, the minority shareholder(s) will be obligated to sell their shares. Contrary to the tag-along right afforded to minority shareholders, such a right is known as the “drag-along right” of the majority shareholder.

In addition, a majority shareholder would not want any information relating to the business operations, prospects, customers, suppliers, financial information or trade secrets being disclosed to any third party, especially competitors, or shares in the company sold to competitors. Therefore, specific clauses that deal with the use and disclosure of confidential information and on the restrictions on the transfer of shares will need to be incorporated in the shareholders’ agreement to address the majority shareholder’s concerns.

Equal shareholdings

Suppose every shareholder in a company holds the same percentage of shares, for example, there are five shareholders each holding 20%. In this case, where there is no majority shareholder, would any of the majority or minority protection provisions mentioned above still apply? If two or more shareholders join hands and outnumber the rest in terms of shareholdings, arguably there will be a (collective) majority camp against the minority shareholders. What if none of the shareholders can agree on an issue? Circumstances like this is commonly known as a “deadlock” situation, where things come to a standstill and cannot move forward. If a deadlock situation continues, it could seriously affect the continued operation of the business. A well-drafted shareholders’ agreement should have specific provisions incorporated to cater for deadlocks and provide mechanisms to resolve issues. 

Shareholders’ agreement vs Articles of Association

Whether the terms of a shareholders’ agreement will be reflected in the company’s articles of association very much depends on the parties’ wishes. In Hong Kong, the articles of association of a company are public documents and can be searched and obtained for a fee by anyone. If the articles of association of a company is amended to incorporate and reflect terms of the shareholders’ agreement, all such terms incorporated in the articles of association will also become public information. Hence, whether the terms of the shareholders’ agreement will be incorporated in the articles of association and how much of it should be incorporated becomes another area of negotiation between the shareholders and the company. Suppose certain terms of the shareholders’ agreement differ from the articles of association, such as the quorum for a board meeting, and the parties decide not to amend the articles of association to reflect the same, should the shareholders comply with the articles of association or the shareholders’ agreement? To avoid this embarrassing situation, it is always good practice to include a clause in the shareholders’ agreement to the effect that if there is any contradiction or discrepancy between the shareholders’ agreement and the articles of association, the terms of the shareholders’ agreement will prevail.

If you wish to find out more about whether you need a shareholders’ agreement for your company, how to protect your interests, and what terms should be included in your shareholders’ agreement, please feel free to speak to members of our corporate and commercial team.

January 2021

Simon Wong
+852 2186 4848 / +852 9460 9816
simon.wong@oln-law.com
Partner, Corporate & Commercial
Oldham, Li & Nie

Filed Under: 公司和商業法

No Way! No Will? – What you Need to Know about Hong Kong Intestacy

January 27, 2021 by OLN Marketing

When someone passes away without having executed a valid will, the law of intestacy governs the administration and distribution of assets of the Estate. Two key pieces of this legislation are the Intestates’ Estates Ordinance (Cap. 73) (the “IEO”) and the Non-contentious Probate Rules (Cap. 10A) (the “Rules”).

Before dealing with the deceased’s estate, a Grant of Letters of Administration must be obtained from the Probate Registry. Individuals who are entitled to apply for a Grant of Letters of Administration of the intestate’s estate are those set out in rule 21 of the Rules, in the following order of priority:

1.    A surviving spouse
2.    Children
3.    Parents
4.    Siblings
5.    Grandparents
6.    Uncles and aunts.

Those who are successful in obtaining a Grant of Letters of Administration are the administrators and are empowered to deal with the estate in accordance with the IEO.

After obtaining the Grant of Letters of Administration and having arranged for the funeral of the deceased, the administrator should first collate all the assets of the deceased and settle any debts and expenses. After that, the administrator should distribute the estate to the beneficiaries in accordance with section 4 of the IEO, with the table below illustrating some examples of entitlement under section 4 of the IEO.


Entitlement on Intestacy

 

Surviving Relatives

Status of Other Relatives Entitlement Arrangement

1. 

Spouse No issue* of the deceased, parent, full sibling or issue* of full sibling  All to the surviving spouse

2.

Spouse and issue* of the deceased Other relatives immaterial

The surviving spouse takes the personal chattels, HK$500,000 and half of the residuary estate.The other half is held on statutory trust** for the surviving issue*.

 

3.

Spouse and one or more of the following relatives, namely:

  • parent or
  • full sibling or
  • issue* of full sibling 
  The surviving spouse takes the personal chattels, HK$1,000,000 and half of the residuary estate. The other half is held for the surviving parent(s) or on statutory trusts for the surviving full sibling(s).

4.

Issue* of the deceased No spouse All to the surviving issue* on statutory trust. 

5.

Parent(s) No spouse, no issue* of the deceased All to parent(s)

6.

Full siblings No spouse, no issue*, no parent All to full siblings on statutory trusts**

7.

Half siblings No spouse, no issue*, no parent, no full siblings All to half siblings on statutory trusts**

8.

Grandparent(s) None of the above All to grandparent(s)

9.

Full uncles and aunts None of the above All to full uncles and aunts on statutory trusts.

10.

Half uncles and aunts None of the above All to half uncles and aunts on statutory trusts.

11.

None of the above relatives

 

All to the Hong Kong Government as unowned property.

*Issue in succession law means the descendant of a person, such as children and grandchildren.
**For details on statutory trusts refer to the IEO 

Despite the prescribed entitlement under the IEO, beneficiaries of an estate may sometimes redistribute their entitlement through a Deed of Family Arrangement executed by all beneficiaries and setting out the agreed redistribution of the deceased’s estate. Do note though that the redistribution through a Deed of Family Arrangement may attract stamp duty. 

While the law prescribes a specific priority for the distribution of an intestate’s estate and may leave certain wiggle room for beneficiaries to alter their entitlement, it would certainly be useful to make a valid will to ensure your estate will be inherited exactly as planned. 

If you have any questions and would like to obtain further information on our probate and estate planning services, please contact one of the members of our Probate and Estate Planning team, who are listed here: https://oln-law.com/probate-estate-planning.  

This article is for information purposes only. Its contents do not constitute legal advice and readers should not regard this article as a substitute for detailed advice in individual instances.

January 2021

Filed Under: 私人客戶 – 遺產規劃和遺囑認證

OLN Lawyers Contribute to Lexis Nexis on Start up Sale & Purchase

January 26, 2021 by OLN Marketing

Sharing their knowledge and expertise on Start up Sale and Purchase Agreements, Partners Anna Chan and Victor Ng have contributed to the ‘Hong Kong Encyclopedia of Forms and Precedents’ by LexisNexis Second Edition, 2020 Reissue. This is Hong Kong’s only collection of precedents which covers all the key areas of commercial law and general practice.

Please click here for more information.

Filed Under: 新創公司

新冠疫情暴露了香港破損的法院制度亟待修復

January 22, 2021 by OLN Marketing

此文章由高國峻律師撰寫發表於2020年12月28日《南華早報》

11月,習近平主席重申”堅持走中國特色社會主義法治道路”,中國法律界全體成員必須”確保忠於黨、忠於國家、忠於人民、忠於法律”。

這些言論進一步激起了香港有關司法獨立完整性的辯論。然而,香港廣泛的法律界只關注形勢如何發展,而完全忽視了“法庭上的大象”。香港的法院制度正在遭到破壞。在法庭上處理民事案件,包括婚姻訴訟而花費時間是荒謬的。拖延正義就是拒絕正義。 

我們的法院制度就像一輛備受推崇的老式勞斯萊斯,“法治”為其標誌性女主角。但不幸的是,座椅的皮質已破舊,油漆也幾十年沒有翻新過,發動機需要徹底檢修,電子配件也狀態欠佳。 

最重要的是,法院缺乏長期應對新冠疫情的能力。香港法院從二月至四月在第一波疫情期間關閉,就約有9萬宗案件受到影響,占年度案件總量的近20%。隨著時斷時續的限制措施,法院逐漸恢復,直到出現了第四波疫情。法院雖然會保持開放,但隨著限制社交距離措施的收緊,將會再次導致聆訊和審議庭數量的減少。

由於大量出現的庭審延遲和停滯,人們為此付出了巨大的代價。想想那些離婚的夫妻:在疫情爆發之前,由於家事法庭的嚴重積壓,他們等待聆訊的時間就要長達9個月。而現在,隨著法庭的關閉和限制社交距離措施,這些額外出現的延遲,給這些家庭尤其是孩子們,在本已痛苦不堪的離婚過程中帶來了更大的傷害。

Jarndyce v Jarndyce是查理斯·狄更斯在《荒涼山莊》中虛構的一個法庭案件,是關於高等法院對一筆巨額遺產處理的故事。這個官司曠日持久,一直延續到第三代人才得以解決。它雖然最終以原告取得勝利結束,但全部遺產最終卻用來支付了訴訟費,“竹籃打水一場空”。這是狄更斯對法庭訴訟曠日持久和費用昂貴的批判,在這個故事裡,他建議任何可能成為原告的人:”忍受任何錯誤都比你來這裡打官司要強”!

這些話放在任何司法管轄範圍內都是至理名言——如果你能解決,就絕不要上法庭。不過,如果我們看看香港破損的法院制度,這尤其貼切。如今一個向高等法院提出索賠要求的原告可能需要等待長達18個月才能輪到聆訊。但即使取得判決成功,裁決的執行也遙遙無期。

金鐘的香港高等法院不僅是費用排名前10%的訴訟管轄區之一,也是訴訟進程最慢的後20%之一。

對原告來說這並不是僅有的。許多被告對他們提出索賠,但在被告花費了大量法律費用以及漫長地等待,到為他們辯護之後,才發現這些索賠是毫無根據的。對於原告而言,令人痛心的是,儘管這是一個有成功機會的案件,但他們只有在被告有時間處置了任何資產或者以其他方式申辯貧窮之後才會被帶到法庭上。

即使是官司打贏了,執法也是不確定的,很可能整個過程要花費雙倍的時間。再加上上訴程式,可能會使當事人在法庭上的時間再次翻倍。因此,香港的法律制度令律師和大眾都非常焦慮和氣憤也就不足為奇了。
這種狀況與我們法官的優秀素質毫無關係。我們的司法部門做得很好,我們應該全力支持他們。這只是因為缺少輔助工作人員和法官以及流行的根深蒂固但卻不合時宜的做事方式導致的結果。比如,不用電子檔案,卻帶著大量盒裝檔上法庭的幾百年前的舊習慣,但現在只要個ipad就夠了。

為了視野更加開闊,OLN最近通過説明創建國際律師事務所網路Globalaw,對全球54個司法管轄區的訴訟程式進行了調查。

調查發現,在這54個司法管轄區中,香港不僅是訴訟費用排名前 10% 的司法管轄區之一,而且也是訴訟進程最緩慢的後20%之一。香港有理由為自己的法律制度感到自豪,但香港的法律制度就像那輛老勞斯萊斯一樣,花費昂貴卻反應遲鈍,亟需進行大修。

其他司法管轄區已經表現出願意利用技術手段來提高法院制度的效能,並且在疫情期間已行之有效。例如,英國多年來一直在其法院制度中使用視訊會議和遠端解決方案。新加坡自2000年以來就有了無紙化法院,這使得他們能夠在整個疫情期間使用電子檔案系統。

在香港,我們迫切需要加倍努力,集中精力進行法院制度的修繕工作。我們必須徹底地修復法律制度的基礎設施,以阻止它繼續妨礙法院發揮效力,使他們為公眾的利益工作而不是為律師的利益而工作。

如果我們想以自己的法律制度為傲,那麼就讓我們從徹底改革法院制度開始。我們生活在21世紀而不是狄更斯的同時期。

Gordon Oldham是OLN的高級合夥人。他是一位資深的香港律師和商人。

Filed Under: 爭議解決

高李嚴律師行在2021年《亞太法律500強》評選中榜上有名

January 14, 2021 by OLN Marketing

高李嚴律師行在2021年的《亞太法律500強》評選中榜上有名,並在其中兩個類別被評為“推薦律師事務所”,這兩個類別是:

  • 知識產權,香港
  • 勞資及僱傭,香港

高李嚴律師的兩名律師被《亞太法律500強》評為各自業務領域的“領先律師”,他們是:

  • 宋靜妍– 知識產權,香港
    • 其他重點律師:
      • 陳韻祺
      • 趙君宜
      • 楊素滿
  • 陳韻祺– 勞資及僱傭,香港
    • 其他重點律師:
      • 吳光懋

兩名律師都被《亞太法律500強》的研究員給予良好的評價。詳情可到《亞太法律500強》的官方網站得到更多資訊: https://www.legal500.com/firms/30993-oldham-li-nie/30842-hong-kong-hong-kong/?layout=asia-pacific&token=d9d71f53ac6572f267a067cd8f62ee64

Filed Under: 最新消息

高李嚴律師行榮登2021年《錢伯斯亞太》榜單

December 18, 2020 by OLN Marketing

由國際權威法律評級機構錢伯斯(Chambers and Partners)評選得出的《2021亞太法律指南》及《2021國際法律指南》榜單正式公佈; 高李嚴律師行再次榮登《錢伯斯亞太》榜單。

2021國際法律指南

上榜業務類別:

  • 公司/併購: 香港獨立律師事務所 – 第三等
  • 爭議解決(國際律師事務所),香港- 受認可律師事務所

上榜律師類別:

  • 高國峻,公司/併購 -業界元老
  • 葉琳寶, 公司/併購 – 第二等
  • 李卓賢, 爭議解決 – 第四等
  • 宋靜妍, 知識產權 – 受認可律師事務所

2021亞太法律指南

上榜業務類別:

  • 公司/併購: 香港獨立律師事務所 – 第三等
  • 家事法(國際律師事務所) – 第三等

上榜律師類別:

  • 高國峻, 公司/併購 -業界元老
  • 葉琳寶, 公司/併購 – 第二等
  • 李卓賢, 爭議解決 – 第四等
  • 施偉勳, 家事法- 第三等

關於《錢伯斯》的排名

《錢伯斯》的排名為全球和亞太地區的最佳律師事務所和律師提供了可靠的建議。過去30多年來,錢伯斯一直是法律市場情報的主要來源。特別是在亞太地區的排名中,它涵蓋了國際上最重要的法律領域,例如仲裁,資本市場和公司/併購。

Filed Under: 最新消息

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