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Family Trust in Hong Kong

家庭信託: 明智地使用法律費用

OLN Marketing

家庭信託: 明智地使用法律費用

February 18, 2021 by OLN Marketing

早期建議如何能大大減少未來的成本

正如中國俗話所說:家醜不可外揚,所有的家庭問題都應該在“屋內”解決是中國文化根深蒂固的思想。通常家庭和私人財富經理都不會輕易聯繫律師,只有當問題嚴重到難以處理或者成為災難的時候,才會想到去聘請法律顧問,此時要解決如此嚴重的問題往往會需要一筆相當大金額的資金。本通報是為在早期階段建立的法律備留提供實務的指標,以避免未來出現這種噩夢。

結構形成

在香港,有多樣的服務和產品可以供高淨值人士和家庭選擇。香港仍然是超級富豪的聚集中心,他們擁有大量的私人財富,主要包括易於投資的資產,其中大部分以私人信託的形式持有,用於財富和遺產規劃的主要手段。這聽起來很簡單,但隨著高淨值人群的擴大,香港的財富和遺產規劃師看到第二和第三層次的富人對複雜規劃的需求越來越大,特別是對於財富的代際轉移,家族企業的繼承問題及長期慈善目標。
客戶的喜好(或在許多情況下,他們的服務提供者的喜好),以及遺產原因往往是選擇結構和管轄區的主導因素。然而,設計不良的結構和不適當的管轄區選擇可能導致嚴重的違規問題,資產的不流動,不必要的行政支出,或對商業運作的阻礙。因此,根據以下關鍵因素,在最適合的管轄範圍內,與法律顧問密切合作來搭建一個適合的結構框架很重要:

1. 受益人的具體需求

相關問題包括:

a) 是否需要持續的支援,以及支持多長時間(例如,對未成年人和老年受益人)?在這種情況下,什麼是確保部分資產保持流動性的最佳方式?
b) 是否有必要擁有獨立的財富組合,如果有必要,離岸基金是否合適?
c) 是否有任何具體的管轄事項(例如,美國公民問題)需要為某些受益人提供更多保護?
d) 他們在家族企業中是否有任何作用?如果使用私人信託公司,是否可以預見身兼數職的衝突?

2. 稅收效率

流行的離岸司法管轄區(如英屬維京群島和開曼群島)的實體和活動不徵稅,這對於那些要求其資產易於轉讓,同時對所有權高度保密的人來說是理想的。在香港,雖然本地產權沒有資本收益稅,但在香港進行的貿易活動,專業或商業經營所產生或衍生的利潤須繳納利得稅。因此,結構中的相關香港實體所獲得的報酬或利潤,即使是通過離岸工具,也可能要被徵稅。

稅收考慮的另一個方面是個人受益人的潛在個人責任,特別是在接受分配時。

3.    合規問題
隨著全球範圍內反洗錢和反金融犯罪鬥爭的開展,從提供基本的個人資料到提供詳細的有關資金和收入的來源都成為不可避免的合規要求。諸如 “實益擁有權”,”經濟實質 “和 “FATCA “等術語在所有流行的財富停放管轄區經常成為頭條新聞。根據不遵守報告義務的動機來選擇管轄區是不現實的,因為人們最終會選擇一個沒有或很少有金融和專業基礎設施的管轄區,即使如此,這樣的管轄區最終也會發展並變得規範。

對合規要求的正確做法是請法律顧問繪製出每年完全遵守所有報告義務所需的行動和資訊。從邏輯上講,適當的規劃和準備的成本將大大低於處理未能遵守某些職責的後果的成本。  

關鍵的檔

多年來,在香港,信託一直是資產保護和繼承計畫的默認設置。儘管瞭解這些好處,家庭一般不願意放棄對資產的控制權,往往會尋求保留某些權力。然而,最近的法院案件(例如JSC Mezhdunarodniy Promyshlenniy Bank v Pugachev [2017] EWHC 2426 (Ch))證明,由委託人控制的信託很容易受到攻擊,法院已經開發了一些方法,使協力廠商(通常是債權人或離婚的配偶)能夠對信託資產執行命令。

與此相反,許多司法管轄區引入了具體條款,旨在使信託人(委託人)能夠保留廣泛的權力。香港的信託不會僅僅因為委託人為自己保留了投資或資產管理的權力而無效。然而,香港的法定保護並不包括保留撤銷權或任命和罷免受託人或受益人的權力,而這些權力在包括新加坡在內的離岸制度中都有。

因此,重要的是要明白,所有的檔必須始終根據具體事實來起草。然而,作為一項一般原則,關鍵是只保留有關委託人所需的權力。例如,將企業納入信託的委託人可能希望保留否決企業的擬議出售或其他處置的權力。但是,請注意,如果這與其他廣泛的權力相結合,如更換受託人的權力,決定誰是受益階層成員的權利,以及例如對信託資產的任何處置的否決權,那麼法院可能會說,委託人有辦法控制信託資產的處置,並且在實踐中,確保他們有受託人會服從他們的意願。另一條一般規則是,保留對行動的否決權可能比積極的權力更安全。僅僅能夠阻止行動的發生,委託人被認定為保留了實際所有權的可能性要小得多,因為他們不能僅僅通過行使這些否決權來實現對財產的任何處置。

減輕訴訟風險

糾紛是不可避免的,而且往往會使受託人處於衝突的地位。典型的爭議情況包括受益人的配偶在離婚時要求披露信託的細節,受益人無法就分配問題達成共識,或者受託人和受益人之間在處理某些資產方面存在分歧。

將問題提交給法院可能聽起來令人生畏,但大多數法院都有法定的監督管轄權,可以下達處理信託資產的命令。香港《受讬人條例》第56條允許受託人向法院提出申請,要求獲得必要的權力來管理或管理歸屬於受託人的財產。與境外法院可能行使的更廣泛的自由裁量權相比,這是一個相對狹窄的管轄權。作者為一個位於香港的開曼信託的受託人代理,根據信託法第48條尋求開曼法院的命令,以批准受益人無法同意的分配建議。因此,在糾紛的早期階段,向對信託有管轄權的法院尋求指示,以減少全面訴訟的風險,是一種良好的做法。

總結

由於圍繞著私人財富管理問題的多樣性和複雜性,正如上述強調的問題和情況,財富管理人應該在規劃,起草的早期階段,以及在任何潛在糾紛的發現前因第一時間與法律顧問緊密合作。

February 2021

Filed Under: 私人客戶 – 遺產規劃和遺囑認證

Shareholders’ Agreement 101 – Do I Need One?

January 28, 2021 by OLN Marketing

Why do you need a shareholders’ agreement?

When friends or family members come together to form a company, more often than not, they will not consider the need for a shareholders’ agreement as they tend to rely on mutual trust, respect and confidence. Of course, this generally works perfectly when the business is doing well and profitable, and while the shareholders are receiving their expected return on investment. But what if things turn sour? Whether the business is not doing well or trust and confidence morph into distrust and suspicion, what can shareholders do? In circumstances like these, the shareholders’ agreement comes into play. A well drafted shareholders’ agreement should be able to offer a solution to the parties in most cases. As with any other agreement such as those for sale and purchase, and loan transactions, the importance of a shareholders’ agreement is to safeguard interests of the shareholders and if disputes arise between the parties, there is an agreement they can fall back on setting out clearly what the parties can or cannot do, and shall or shall not do.

What is a shareholders’ agreement?

Shareholders’ agreement is an essential agreement between the shareholders of a company and the company itself. It can be between the company and all or just some of the shareholders; for instance, a company with different classes of shares and holders of different classes of shares might prefer to separately enter into a shareholders’ agreement with the company instead of with holders of all classes of shares. A shareholders’ agreement is used to govern the company’s management and operation and sets out all the rights and obligations between the shareholders and the company. A shareholders’ agreement is particularly important for third party investors investing in an existing company or business or when unrelated parties come together to form a new company.

What terms are to be included in a shareholders’ agreement differ according to the parties’ needs and bargaining power and/or the particular type of business. Still, a typical shareholders’ agreement normally consists of the following terms:

  • the type of business the company will run
  • the management of the company, i.e., the composition of the board of directors and any committees
  • the right of shareholders to nominate directors
  • frequency, procedures for convening and holding board meetings and shareholders’ meetings
  • matters which require simple majority, super majority or unanimous votes
  • specific obligations of shareholders
  • dividend policy
  • issue of new shares and admission of new shareholders
  • transfer of shares
  • anti-dilution mechanism
  • deadlock
  • minority shareholder protection
  • further financing needs of the company
  • non-competition undertaking by shareholders
  • term and termination of the shareholders’ agreement
  • dispute resolutions

If investments are to be made in stages, the shareholders’ agreement would normally include the timetable for capital contribution, share subscription by the shareholders, shareholding structure and other typical clauses in a share subscription agreement.

Minority protection

Where a company has only two shareholders, one of them holds 51% (majority shareholder) and the other one holds 49% (minority shareholder) of the issued shares, the minority shareholder typically has no control over how the company will be managed and operated as the minority shareholder will be out-voted by the majority shareholder at general meetings, assuming all decisions only require a simple majority vote, i.e., >50%, of the shareholders to pass. However, according to the Companies Ordinance (Cap.622, Laws of Hong Kong), certain decisions of a company are required to be passed by special resolutions, i.e., passed by at least 75% of the voting shares. These decisions include the alteration of the articles of association, change of the company’s name, reduction in the share capital of the company, etc., meaning that the majority shareholder in the above case cannot simply pass a resolution by itself to alter the articles of association of the company. In addition to those decisions specified in the Companies Ordinance that must be approved by special resolutions, to protect their interests, the minority shareholder will negotiate with the majority shareholder for other matters to be passed by special resolutions which are not otherwise required so by law. Common examples include capital expenditure above a certain amount, disposal of material assets, change in the company’s principal business, further financing through equity or borrowings or change in dividend policy, etc. 

Often when an investor invests in a business as a minority shareholder, the investor is in fact investing in the experience, expertise and knowledge in the industry and business operation of the company’s management team who are normally the majority or founding shareholders of the company. In case the majority shareholders decide to divest and sell their shares, the investor could also consider selling their shares as there may be uncertainty as to the management, operation and profitability of the business once the company changes hands. Hence, the investor will almost inevitably request a “tag-along right” to be incorporated in the shareholders’ agreement, giving the investor the right but not the obligation to co-sell its shares on the same terms to the prospective buyer of the majority stake. 

A minority investor would normally request a non-competition undertaking from the company and the majority shareholders to oblige them not to engage in any business operations or investment in other businesses that are similar to or in direct competition with that of the company. This is to avoid any negative impact on the profitability of the company. 

Majority protection

Not only do minority shareholders need a shareholders’ agreement to protect their interests, majority shareholders also have certain interests that require safeguarding. A potential nightmare for a majority shareholder could be when they have found a prospective buyer willing to buy-out 100% of the company but the minority shareholder refuses to sell their shares. What happens next is the entire deal falls through. To avoid this, the shareholders’ agreement should include a clause whereby if the majority shareholder decides to sell all of their shares in the company to a third-party buyer, they will have the right (but not the obligation) to request the minority shareholder(s) to also sell their shares in the company on the same terms. Once requested by the majority shareholder, the minority shareholder(s) will be obligated to sell their shares. Contrary to the tag-along right afforded to minority shareholders, such a right is known as the “drag-along right” of the majority shareholder.

In addition, a majority shareholder would not want any information relating to the business operations, prospects, customers, suppliers, financial information or trade secrets being disclosed to any third party, especially competitors, or shares in the company sold to competitors. Therefore, specific clauses that deal with the use and disclosure of confidential information and on the restrictions on the transfer of shares will need to be incorporated in the shareholders’ agreement to address the majority shareholder’s concerns.

Equal shareholdings

Suppose every shareholder in a company holds the same percentage of shares, for example, there are five shareholders each holding 20%. In this case, where there is no majority shareholder, would any of the majority or minority protection provisions mentioned above still apply? If two or more shareholders join hands and outnumber the rest in terms of shareholdings, arguably there will be a (collective) majority camp against the minority shareholders. What if none of the shareholders can agree on an issue? Circumstances like this is commonly known as a “deadlock” situation, where things come to a standstill and cannot move forward. If a deadlock situation continues, it could seriously affect the continued operation of the business. A well-drafted shareholders’ agreement should have specific provisions incorporated to cater for deadlocks and provide mechanisms to resolve issues. 

Shareholders’ agreement vs Articles of Association

Whether the terms of a shareholders’ agreement will be reflected in the company’s articles of association very much depends on the parties’ wishes. In Hong Kong, the articles of association of a company are public documents and can be searched and obtained for a fee by anyone. If the articles of association of a company is amended to incorporate and reflect terms of the shareholders’ agreement, all such terms incorporated in the articles of association will also become public information. Hence, whether the terms of the shareholders’ agreement will be incorporated in the articles of association and how much of it should be incorporated becomes another area of negotiation between the shareholders and the company. Suppose certain terms of the shareholders’ agreement differ from the articles of association, such as the quorum for a board meeting, and the parties decide not to amend the articles of association to reflect the same, should the shareholders comply with the articles of association or the shareholders’ agreement? To avoid this embarrassing situation, it is always good practice to include a clause in the shareholders’ agreement to the effect that if there is any contradiction or discrepancy between the shareholders’ agreement and the articles of association, the terms of the shareholders’ agreement will prevail.

If you wish to find out more about whether you need a shareholders’ agreement for your company, how to protect your interests, and what terms should be included in your shareholders’ agreement, please feel free to speak to members of our corporate and commercial team.

January 2021

Simon Wong
+852 2186 4848 / +852 9460 9816
simon.wong@oln-law.com
Partner, Corporate & Commercial
Oldham, Li & Nie

Filed Under: 公司和商業法

No Way! No Will? – What you Need to Know about Hong Kong Intestacy

January 27, 2021 by OLN Marketing

When someone passes away without having executed a valid will, the law of intestacy governs the administration and distribution of assets of the Estate. Two key pieces of this legislation are the Intestates’ Estates Ordinance (Cap. 73) (the “IEO”) and the Non-contentious Probate Rules (Cap. 10A) (the “Rules”).

Before dealing with the deceased’s estate, a Grant of Letters of Administration must be obtained from the Probate Registry. Individuals who are entitled to apply for a Grant of Letters of Administration of the intestate’s estate are those set out in rule 21 of the Rules, in the following order of priority:

1.    A surviving spouse
2.    Children
3.    Parents
4.    Siblings
5.    Grandparents
6.    Uncles and aunts.

Those who are successful in obtaining a Grant of Letters of Administration are the administrators and are empowered to deal with the estate in accordance with the IEO.

After obtaining the Grant of Letters of Administration and having arranged for the funeral of the deceased, the administrator should first collate all the assets of the deceased and settle any debts and expenses. After that, the administrator should distribute the estate to the beneficiaries in accordance with section 4 of the IEO, with the table below illustrating some examples of entitlement under section 4 of the IEO.


Entitlement on Intestacy

 

Surviving Relatives

Status of Other Relatives Entitlement Arrangement

1. 

Spouse No issue* of the deceased, parent, full sibling or issue* of full sibling  All to the surviving spouse

2.

Spouse and issue* of the deceased Other relatives immaterial

The surviving spouse takes the personal chattels, HK$500,000 and half of the residuary estate.The other half is held on statutory trust** for the surviving issue*.

 

3.

Spouse and one or more of the following relatives, namely:

  • parent or
  • full sibling or
  • issue* of full sibling 
  The surviving spouse takes the personal chattels, HK$1,000,000 and half of the residuary estate. The other half is held for the surviving parent(s) or on statutory trusts for the surviving full sibling(s).

4.

Issue* of the deceased No spouse All to the surviving issue* on statutory trust. 

5.

Parent(s) No spouse, no issue* of the deceased All to parent(s)

6.

Full siblings No spouse, no issue*, no parent All to full siblings on statutory trusts**

7.

Half siblings No spouse, no issue*, no parent, no full siblings All to half siblings on statutory trusts**

8.

Grandparent(s) None of the above All to grandparent(s)

9.

Full uncles and aunts None of the above All to full uncles and aunts on statutory trusts.

10.

Half uncles and aunts None of the above All to half uncles and aunts on statutory trusts.

11.

None of the above relatives

 

All to the Hong Kong Government as unowned property.

*Issue in succession law means the descendant of a person, such as children and grandchildren.
**For details on statutory trusts refer to the IEO 

Despite the prescribed entitlement under the IEO, beneficiaries of an estate may sometimes redistribute their entitlement through a Deed of Family Arrangement executed by all beneficiaries and setting out the agreed redistribution of the deceased’s estate. Do note though that the redistribution through a Deed of Family Arrangement may attract stamp duty. 

While the law prescribes a specific priority for the distribution of an intestate’s estate and may leave certain wiggle room for beneficiaries to alter their entitlement, it would certainly be useful to make a valid will to ensure your estate will be inherited exactly as planned. 

If you have any questions and would like to obtain further information on our probate and estate planning services, please contact one of the members of our Probate and Estate Planning team, who are listed here: https://oln-law.com/probate-estate-planning.  

This article is for information purposes only. Its contents do not constitute legal advice and readers should not regard this article as a substitute for detailed advice in individual instances.

January 2021

Filed Under: 私人客戶 – 遺產規劃和遺囑認證

OLN Lawyers Contribute to Lexis Nexis on Start up Sale & Purchase

January 26, 2021 by OLN Marketing

Sharing their knowledge and expertise on Start up Sale and Purchase Agreements, Partners Anna Chan and Victor Ng have contributed to the ‘Hong Kong Encyclopedia of Forms and Precedents’ by LexisNexis Second Edition, 2020 Reissue. This is Hong Kong’s only collection of precedents which covers all the key areas of commercial law and general practice.

Please click here for more information.

Filed Under: 新創公司

新冠疫情暴露了香港破損的法院制度亟待修復

January 22, 2021 by OLN Marketing

此文章由高國峻律師撰寫發表於2020年12月28日《南華早報》

11月,習近平主席重申”堅持走中國特色社會主義法治道路”,中國法律界全體成員必須”確保忠於黨、忠於國家、忠於人民、忠於法律”。

這些言論進一步激起了香港有關司法獨立完整性的辯論。然而,香港廣泛的法律界只關注形勢如何發展,而完全忽視了“法庭上的大象”。香港的法院制度正在遭到破壞。在法庭上處理民事案件,包括婚姻訴訟而花費時間是荒謬的。拖延正義就是拒絕正義。 

我們的法院制度就像一輛備受推崇的老式勞斯萊斯,“法治”為其標誌性女主角。但不幸的是,座椅的皮質已破舊,油漆也幾十年沒有翻新過,發動機需要徹底檢修,電子配件也狀態欠佳。 

最重要的是,法院缺乏長期應對新冠疫情的能力。香港法院從二月至四月在第一波疫情期間關閉,就約有9萬宗案件受到影響,占年度案件總量的近20%。隨著時斷時續的限制措施,法院逐漸恢復,直到出現了第四波疫情。法院雖然會保持開放,但隨著限制社交距離措施的收緊,將會再次導致聆訊和審議庭數量的減少。

由於大量出現的庭審延遲和停滯,人們為此付出了巨大的代價。想想那些離婚的夫妻:在疫情爆發之前,由於家事法庭的嚴重積壓,他們等待聆訊的時間就要長達9個月。而現在,隨著法庭的關閉和限制社交距離措施,這些額外出現的延遲,給這些家庭尤其是孩子們,在本已痛苦不堪的離婚過程中帶來了更大的傷害。

Jarndyce v Jarndyce是查理斯·狄更斯在《荒涼山莊》中虛構的一個法庭案件,是關於高等法院對一筆巨額遺產處理的故事。這個官司曠日持久,一直延續到第三代人才得以解決。它雖然最終以原告取得勝利結束,但全部遺產最終卻用來支付了訴訟費,“竹籃打水一場空”。這是狄更斯對法庭訴訟曠日持久和費用昂貴的批判,在這個故事裡,他建議任何可能成為原告的人:”忍受任何錯誤都比你來這裡打官司要強”!

這些話放在任何司法管轄範圍內都是至理名言——如果你能解決,就絕不要上法庭。不過,如果我們看看香港破損的法院制度,這尤其貼切。如今一個向高等法院提出索賠要求的原告可能需要等待長達18個月才能輪到聆訊。但即使取得判決成功,裁決的執行也遙遙無期。

金鐘的香港高等法院不僅是費用排名前10%的訴訟管轄區之一,也是訴訟進程最慢的後20%之一。

對原告來說這並不是僅有的。許多被告對他們提出索賠,但在被告花費了大量法律費用以及漫長地等待,到為他們辯護之後,才發現這些索賠是毫無根據的。對於原告而言,令人痛心的是,儘管這是一個有成功機會的案件,但他們只有在被告有時間處置了任何資產或者以其他方式申辯貧窮之後才會被帶到法庭上。

即使是官司打贏了,執法也是不確定的,很可能整個過程要花費雙倍的時間。再加上上訴程式,可能會使當事人在法庭上的時間再次翻倍。因此,香港的法律制度令律師和大眾都非常焦慮和氣憤也就不足為奇了。
這種狀況與我們法官的優秀素質毫無關係。我們的司法部門做得很好,我們應該全力支持他們。這只是因為缺少輔助工作人員和法官以及流行的根深蒂固但卻不合時宜的做事方式導致的結果。比如,不用電子檔案,卻帶著大量盒裝檔上法庭的幾百年前的舊習慣,但現在只要個ipad就夠了。

為了視野更加開闊,OLN最近通過説明創建國際律師事務所網路Globalaw,對全球54個司法管轄區的訴訟程式進行了調查。

調查發現,在這54個司法管轄區中,香港不僅是訴訟費用排名前 10% 的司法管轄區之一,而且也是訴訟進程最緩慢的後20%之一。香港有理由為自己的法律制度感到自豪,但香港的法律制度就像那輛老勞斯萊斯一樣,花費昂貴卻反應遲鈍,亟需進行大修。

其他司法管轄區已經表現出願意利用技術手段來提高法院制度的效能,並且在疫情期間已行之有效。例如,英國多年來一直在其法院制度中使用視訊會議和遠端解決方案。新加坡自2000年以來就有了無紙化法院,這使得他們能夠在整個疫情期間使用電子檔案系統。

在香港,我們迫切需要加倍努力,集中精力進行法院制度的修繕工作。我們必須徹底地修復法律制度的基礎設施,以阻止它繼續妨礙法院發揮效力,使他們為公眾的利益工作而不是為律師的利益而工作。

如果我們想以自己的法律制度為傲,那麼就讓我們從徹底改革法院制度開始。我們生活在21世紀而不是狄更斯的同時期。

Gordon Oldham是OLN的高級合夥人。他是一位資深的香港律師和商人。

Filed Under: 爭議解決

Lasmos案及以後:魚與熊掌可以兼得嗎?

January 18, 2021 by OLN Marketing

作者: 梁泳澤律師

(本文章發表於2020年5月的《香港律師》雜誌上:http://www.hk-lawyer.org/sites/default/files/e-magazines/HKL-MAY-2020/viewer/desktop/index.html?doc=917CC81E9107138E6C05E7B46F3C9397#page/34

法庭該如何處理就僅基於指稱債務(其為某仲裁條款之標的事項)而提出的清盤呈請呢?仲裁條款與清盤呈請之間的相互作用,導致近期普通法司法管轄區中出現互相矛盾的判決。儘管普遍接受的是,清盤法律程序不具可仲裁性,因此不存在因仲裁而自動、強制性或非酌情地擱置對清盤法律程序,但當以酌情權決定涉及仲裁條款的清盤法律程序應否予以擱置或撤銷時,不同普通法司法管轄區法院卻採納了不同的方案。具體而言,該等不同方案是:

  1. 只有當與指稱債務有關的爭議是基於真正及充分理由,才應擱置或撤銷有關呈請(傳統方案);
  2. 除完全例外情況外,應一律擱置或撤銷有關呈請,而不必調查與該指稱債務有關的爭議是否真正基於充分理據(Salford Estates方案);
  3. 除特殊情況外,呈請一般應予撤銷,前提是債務人已採取仲裁條款下規定的步驟(Lasmos方案)。

上述各方案的主要差別已在其他地方詳述 (例如見《仲裁條款對清盤呈請的影響:不管怎樣,仲裁解決?》一文,香港律師,2019年11月號),在此不予贅述。本文將批判性地探討Lasmos方案及提出如何調和各方案,並主張容許法庭在無管轄權情況下,裁定某項指稱債務 (其為某仲裁條款之標的的事項)是否存在真正及實質性的爭議,是要魚與熊掌、二者兼得。最後,本文會恭敬地提出Salford Estates方案是香港應當採納的唯一合乎邏輯的方案以作總結。

Lasmos方案

回顧在Re Southwest Pacific Bauxite (HK) Ltd [2018] 2 HKLRD 449一案中,原訟法庭法官夏利士對傳統方案不予採納,並裁定倘符合以下三項條件,一般而言應撤銷清盤申請(除特殊情況外):

  1. 有關公司對指稱債務提出爭議;
  2. 產生指稱債務的合約包含一項仲裁條款,當中涵蓋任何與該債務有關的爭議;
  3. 有關公司採取仲裁條款所規定的步驟,以開展合約規定的爭議解決程序。

(Lasmos方案)

前兩項要求並不存在爭議。就第三項要求而言,其值得密切關注的是它代表了尊重訴訟各方選擇爭議解決機制與保留債權人就債務(其為仲裁條款標的事項)在受限情況下提出呈請之權利兩者間的一個創新妥協。儘管夏利士法官清楚知悉,仲裁庭假如已在實際處理相關爭議事項,法庭便不應以無力償債為由將債務人公司清盤,但假如該公司並未在有關仲裁條款下採取任何其規定的步驟,則清盤程序仍可進行。在這一新看法下,「僅依據該仲裁條款」就債務提出爭議仍有欠妥善。

上訴法庭的觀點

目前為止,上訴法庭已在兩宗破產案件的判案中審視Lasmos方案。該兩宗案件的上訴皆被駁回,原因是Lasmos方案中的要求未完全被遵守。儘管Lasmos方案在該兩宗案件中未獲正式採納,但它實質上訂定了在涉及仲裁條款的情況下,將清盤呈請予以擱置或撤銷的必要條件。就本文目的而言,上訴法庭的看法很有趣。

在But Ka Chon v Interactive Brokers LLC [2019] 4 HKLRD 85一案中,上訴法庭提到債權人獲賦予法定權利,以無力償債為由提出清盤呈請。要求債權人在符合該三項要求後證明存在特殊情況,使該法定權利的行使被排除或限制,乃違反公共政策。上訴法庭看來認為,即使已開始進行仲裁,但法庭仍可裁定該指稱債務是否確實存在實質性的爭議。此外,清盤程序被認為有別於以一般令狀提起的訴訟,原因是前者僅屬於集體補救 (class remedy),並不涉及強制執行合約或就當事方之權利及責任作出裁定,因此法庭僅根據未獲承認的債務 (其為仲裁之標的事項)來審理清盤呈請並非有違常理。上訴法庭雖然承認傳統方案可能未給予仲裁條款充份重視,但並未明確說明多重視才算充分。

在Sit Kwong Lam v Petrolimex Singapore Pte Ltd [2019] HKCA 1220一案中,第三項要求被認為是 「明智的」,因為它向法庭證明債務人有真正的仲裁意圖,而,「僅因為仲裁協議的存在,便將清盤呈請撤銷或擱置則是不合常理」。債務人若對債權人並無實質性申索,上訴法庭認為債務人仍應展開仲裁程序,並要求作出無法律責任的宣告,以表明其具有「真正仲裁意圖」。

評論

採納Lasmos的第三項要求並非完全不存在問題的。首先,此項要求源自何處尚不清晰。

第二,這項要求反常地扭轉了由債權人(原告人)展開按合約規定的爭議解決程序之通常責任,並將該責任置於債務人(被告人)身上,這與按兵不動,只等待原告人採取行動的一般抗辯策略相違背。作者對為何存在此項要求提出質疑,尤其是夏利士法官認為,在不首先確定債務人公司是否具有真正抗辯理由情況下,反對要求債權人就某項爭議進行仲裁是不合理的做法。同樣不明確的情況是,是甚麼法律規則明確規定,債務人須在有關的時效期限屆滿之前的任何特定時間根據仲裁條款下採取其列明步驟。

第三,也許亦是最重要的一點是,這項要求似乎並無邏輯上的依據。正如鮑晏明法官(其當時的職位)在Re Jade Union Investment Ltd [2004] HKEC 306一案中裁定的,即使債務人有責任證明有關債務事實上是具有實質爭議理由而提出,但根據仲裁條款展開的仲裁,與所需證明無關,因其本身並不能履行該舉證責任。不管如何,即使債務人公司並無採取積極步驟進行仲裁,也並非必然可以說當債權人實際展開仲裁時,債務人公司並無真正意圖對債務提出異議。

儘管(如上訴法庭在But Ka Chon一案所提出的)仲裁已展開,但法庭仍可以裁定有關債務並非真正在具有充分理由的情況下提出的爭議,則似乎並無好的理由說債權人不應主動展開仲裁並同時提出將債務人公司清盤的呈請。正如上訴法庭在But Ka Chon一案中批評債務人逾四年時間並未採取任何步驟展開仲裁一般,這批評同樣也可以加諸於債權人上,況且假如債權人主動展開仲裁(原告人通常會作如此),將可節省許多時間。法庭顯然了解對一旦展開的仲裁進行干預所具的敏感性,因此要求債務人藉仲裁尋求宣告沒有法律責任,從而保留債權人僅憑債務(其為某項仲裁條款之標的事項)而向債務人提出呈請的權利。

僅根據仲裁條款的存在而撤銷或擱置清盤呈請,此舉是否合理呢?道理也許是這樣。如果是就某項指稱債務而提出清盤呈請,法庭最終必須考慮該公司是否無力償債(Hollmet AG v Meridian Success Metal Supplies Ltd [1997] 4 HKC 343)。假如債務不存在,便不可能有無力償債情況的出現。因此,當仲裁庭可以裁定根本無債務存在時,法庭僅基於受仲裁管轄的指稱債務,便以無力償債為由將一家公司清盤,這做法並不合理。在法庭對指稱債務的實質並無司法管轄權情況下,讓其裁定關於指稱債務的爭議,是否真正具有實質理由而提出,絕對是有違邏輯。 債權人(呈請人)不可能兼得魚與熊掌的。

另一方面,Jinpeng group Ltd v Peak Hotels and resorts Ltd BVI HCMAP 2014/0025 案及 2015/0003案被引用作為儘管仲裁已展開但法庭仍行使酌情決定權任命清盤人的例子。看雖如此,但經仔細審視,該案事實上並不支持表面看似的結論。

首先應當指出的是,在Jinpeng案中任命清盤人的申請是基於公平公正理由而提出(而並非基於無力償債理由)。雖然東加勒比上訴法庭對債務進行了審視,並認為並非基於真正及實質性的理由提出爭議,但仲裁的展開被認為是「一項有利於批准擱置原訴申請以等待仲裁結果的因素」。Jinpeng案因此帶出對指稱債務的爭議是否基於真實及實質性理由而提出來進行審視是浪費時間,尤其是在仲裁已展開的時候,因為在該項決定與仲裁展開之間作出權衡並不能為清盤提供理據。最終,任命清盤人的理據是絕大部分貸款收益都不知所蹤而無從作出交待這個無法被接受的情況。因此,Jinpeng案實際上與Salford Estates (No 2) Ltd v Altomart Ltd (No 2) [2015] 3 WLR 491案是相符而非有所區別的。Jinpeng案的該等令人不可接受的情況可說是「例外」(按Salford Estates方案的說法),原因是它與指稱債務的存續無關。

難題

鑑於以無力償債為由提出清盤呈請的法定權利,以及並不存在自動擱置清盤法律程序以利進行仲裁的做法,法庭應如何處理一項僅就某項指稱債務而提出之法定索求,而其在當中並無司法管轄權的清盤呈請?這項難題的出現,似乎是由於法庭太快接納一項在法定索求中提出的指稱債務。這情況在Hollmet一案中最為顯見。羅傑志法官(其當時的職位)當時稱:「在我看來,在某項爭議獲得適當確立之前,債務將會存在」。個人認為,這一說法屬不合邏輯。債務之所以存在,並非因為債務人適當確立爭議的存在,而是因為債權人履行了其債務舉證責任。

儘管並不適用於清盤情況,《破產條例》第9條(其規定在聆訊過程中,法庭必須要求證明呈請債權人的債務)及《破產規則》第70條(其規定凡債務人已給予爭議通知的事項均須予以證明)可就上述主張提供支持,即就債務進行舉證的責任是在呈請債權人身上(Re Glory Garment Factory [1985] HKEC 475)。

正如夏利士法官在Lasmos案內被認可的是,儘管應否作出清盤令的問題屬於不可仲裁,但並不能因此認為,呈請人與該公司之間與就確立呈遞清盤呈請書之地點而依據的債務有關之爭議同樣是不可仲裁的。某項指稱債務倘為仲裁條款之標的事項,那麼法庭便無權裁定呈請債權人是否已履行與指稱債務有關的舉證責任,原因是法庭對此並無司法管轄權。因此,法庭接下來要裁定的真正問題是,除了該指稱債務外,是否還有其他情況可以證明清盤令的作出是有理據的(即是在Salford Estates方案中提及的特殊情況)。

解決方法

解決這項難題的明顯處理方法是採用Salford Estates方案,而它在邏輯上是無法反駁。然而,目前在普通法領域中對此尚沒有普遍共識。

毫無疑問,Salford Estates方案的確讓人產生一些疑慮,因為與其他債權人相比,Salford Estates方案使仲裁條款下的債權人處於劣勢,從而使仲裁的吸引力降低(參看《仲裁條款對清盤呈請的影響:不管怎樣,仲裁解決?》一文,同上)。然而,並無法律政策規定仲裁應成為最受惠的爭議解決機制。通過同意接納一項將法庭對指稱債務之司法管轄權奪走的仲裁條款,當事方應接受所有隨之而來的合理的後果。

不管怎樣,正如Jinpeng案所顯示的,現時仍然能以公正公平理由或以一般的無力償債理由來為清盤提供理據。仲裁條款下的債權人僅須提出在沒有支付指稱債務(其作為仲裁條款之標的事項)以外的證據及情況來為清盤令提供理據。最後,本文期望當有適當案件在終審法院席前受審理時,終審法院會採取合乎邏輯那個方案。

附言

在本文出版的過程時,香港和新加坡作出了兩個相關的判決。

在Re Asia Master Logistics Limited [2020]HKCFI 311(於2020年3月12日頒布)案中,暫委高等法院法官王鳴峰資深大律師切實地肯定了在傳統方案下債務人公司必須證明受仲裁條款管轄的債務是真正具有實質理由而被爭議才可擱置或撤銷清盤訴訟程序。對傳統方案最有力的論點是,法院在清盤程序中沒有對指稱債務的是非曲直(merits)作出裁定,因此不違反仲裁條款。雖然這在技術上是正確的,但冒昧地說,這並不能為一個邏輯上的矛盾提供任何解說,即一家公司可能會因被指控的未付債務(其為仲裁條款所管轄)而被清盤,而仲裁庭有可能判定該債務並不存在。

在Anan Group (Singapore) Ptd Ltd訴VTB Bank (Public Joint Stock Company) [2020] SGCA 33(於2020年4月7日頒布)案中,新加坡最高法院上訴法庭改變筆鋒地採納Salford Estates方案。這判決應當受到歡迎,其中闡述的理據也值得稱讚。然而,該法院似乎認為,法院有廣寬的酌情權,基於其指稱債務(其為仲裁條款所管轄)上,對該公司進行清盤(原因是債務人公司缺乏真誠 (bona fides) 或濫用程序)。冒昧地說,這種建議的正確性備受懷疑。以那案中的例子為例,如果債務人對其以前明確和反復承認的債務提出確實的爭議,爭論點應是債務人是否可以撤銷其以前的承認,而此爭論點應通過仲裁裁定。在此謙卑地指出,除非清盤呈請書是基於一般破產或公正公平的理由(並非僅基於仲裁條款管轄下特定債務的法定要求償債書),否則如果該指稱債務未被承認,法院一般應擱置或駁回該呈請書。

致謝

作者在此感謝Anselmo Reyes(芮安牟)教授對本文題材提供的寶貴意見。

Filed Under: 爭議解決

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