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聘用香港雇员、独立承包商及实习生:无风险方针

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聘用香港雇员、独立承包商及实习生:无风险方针

July 7, 2021 by OLN Marketing

为节省开支及尽可能以符合成本效益的方式营运,许多初创公司及中小企将尝试透过委聘独立承包商、实习生及其他无薪职工壮大其团队。

尽管该等替代方案似乎具吸引力,但雇主在选择填补空缺的方式方面并没有无限的自由。实质上,履行雇员工作的任何个人可能被劳资审裁处及法院依法视为该公司的雇员,这可能导致公司须承担未付薪金及其他雇佣权利。

此文章将分项列出聘用雇员、独立承包商及实习生的主要法律要求,并提供小贴士,以确保阁下的业务的工作安排符合有关法律。

聘用雇员

在香港,受雇为雇员的人士一般为持续、长期需要其技能及经验的人士,并准备根据业务需要提供服务。该角色的长期性质意味着雇主可依赖雇员以维持独立承包商及实习生无法提供的服务。

在法律上,雇主须知悉以下事项:

  • 根据香港雇佣法例,雇员拥有雇佣地位,享有雇主必须提供的特定权利(如最低工资、强积金供款、法定假期、休假、生育保障、终止聘用通知期、遣散等)。
  • 任何由同一雇主连续雇用四星期或以上,且每周工作至少18小时的人一般将被视为雇主的雇员,属连续性合约。
  • 不论阁下与员工的雇佣合约对薪金、 法定 假期、通知及遣散安排的描述,作为雇主,阁下须遵守各项香港雇佣法例所规定的法定最低要求。
  • 所有受雇佣条例保障的雇员,不论其指定职位或工作时间,均享有上述法定权利及保障。该条例并无区分「长期」、「临时」、「全职」、「兼职」雇员与弹性工作员工。
  • 作为雇主,阁下有法定责任向税务局以税务为目的申报薪金及终止聘用。

聘用独立承包商或顾问(「承包商」)

一般而言,承包商为能够为阁下的业务提供短期及独特专业知识的人士。他们可以是由以项目为基础的程式员,到临时首席财务官或首席技术官。视乎阁下的要求及彼等的要求,彼等可能于阁下的处所或场外工作。然而,在法律上,除雇员外,还有多项特点:

  • 承包商并无雇佣地位。彼等与阁下业务的关系将不受香港雇佣法例或强积金法例规管,且彼等将无权收取阁下提供予雇员的福利。
  • 阁下的业务与承包商之间的关系几乎完全由双方之间的合约决定,因此阁下可随时终止与承包商的协议(受合约条款规限),并将有责任于终止承包商的服务时提供通知或作出赔偿。
  • 与雇员不同,并无法律要求向承包商支付至少最低工资。阁下可自由协定任何付款条款,而有关条款对承包商而言属合理及可接受。
  • 承包商负责其所提供和投入的,以及交付成果的成功或失败。彼等通常保留对何时、如何及何时完成工作的控制权。
  • 承包商可同时与其他公司订约。
  • 承包商一般使用其本身的设备(除合约另有规定外),此举可减少间接成本。
  • 承包商向阁下提交发票以收取项目款项。
  • 阁下不负责向税务局报告承包商的收入,更不用说就该收入预扣或征收税款。

如果我们发现错误,会发生什么情况?

在法律要求方面,承包商具有独特的灵活性,使彼等成为雇用雇员履行相同职责的便利替代方案。不幸的是,初创公司有时会陷入这样一种陷阱,认为他们与职工有独立的承包商关系,因为他们的协议说明了这样的安排因此无需担心。这种情况同样适用于创办人,他们经常错误地认为有独立的承包商关系,或获豁免遵守香港最低工资及雇佣法例。然而,倘发现实质上存在雇员与雇主的关系,则职工被授予的任何的职衔均无关重要。税务局及法院将对此不予理会,而且公司可能会因未付工资和雇佣法定权利而陷入困境。

聘用实习生

如上文所述,香港雇佣法例一般不会区分不同雇佣类别。与普遍信念相反,实习生并非法律以外存在的「魔法」职工类别。除以下若干例外情况外,实习生亦为有权享有香港雇佣法例权利及保障的雇员。首先,让我们区分有薪实习生和无薪实习生。无薪实习生基本上为获豁免最低工资的特别类别职工。基本上分为两个子类别:

  • 实习学员
  • 工作经验学员

彼等之间的主要区别在于实习学员的实习工作须由修读的教育机构安排或获其认可,且该实习工作是课程的一部份,而工作经验学员的实习工作无需获认可或与工作经验学员修读的课程有关。倘实习学员符合法定标准,他开始实习时可以是任何年龄。然而,工作经验学员当开始实习时必须为26年或以下。

初创公司与工作经验学员可协议将实习的首59天(自开始日期起按日历基准计算)视为获豁免学生雇用期,如此,于该期间,雇主将获豁免支付法定最低工资。然而,倘雇用期超过59日,工作经验学员有权至少获支付最低工资。务请注意,不论是否与同一雇主订立,工作经验学员于同一历年内不得有超过一个获豁免学生雇用期。

符合学生实习要工作求的实习允许实习学员在没有报酬的情况下合法地在工作,与工作经验学员不同,豁免最低工资的规定并没有时间限制。

然后就是有薪实习生了。在香港将任何人描述为 「有薪实习生」的用词有点不当,因为「有薪实习生」可能是真正符合上述无薪实习生法律定义的人(但阁下慷慨决定支付报酬)以及不符合该等定义的雇员,以致阁下必须至少向其支付最低工资。

要记住的重要一点是,除非阁下已证明候选人符合「无薪实习生」的所有相关标准,否则最安全的做法是假设此人将作为一名「有薪员工」加入阁下的团队。

请注意,作为雇主,如果有薪实习生年满 18 岁并连续受雇 60 个日历日或以上,阁下将需要向其缴纳强积金。如有疑问,请在聘用此类候选人之前向有经验的律师寻求意见清,因为倘证明其中任何人不符合所有标准,则阁下可能需要为已开始工作的欠薪、未支付的强积金供款以及一些严重的法律处罚负责。

记住阁下的工作场所健康及安全责任

作为企业,阁下初创公司或中小企不仅对阁下的雇员负有健康及安全责任,亦对处所内任何的无薪职工负有健康及安全责任。时刻谨记,阁下有持续责任确保其健康及安全。

我们需要什么协议?

无论阁下拟填补团队空缺的哪个职位,阁下均需订立正确起草的协议,列明受聘期间的职位、职责、薪酬及任何福利。倘阁下是一家初创公司,阁下可能需要就如何将股权(以股份或购股权形式)纳入阁下雇员的薪酬待遇内有关法律意见。

不要忘记在协议中加入保密条款及智慧财产权保护

初创公司在实习协议中更经常未有加入合适的保密及智慧财产权保护,而独立承包商协议中的保密条款亦经常起草不当,使其无用。阁下应就该等条文采取风险管理方法,并针对各业务所面对的特定风险作出调整。请与阁下的律师交谈,他将协助阁下作出所需安排。

一般而言,除非阁下的合约另有规定,否则任何为阁下的业务工作的人士将拥有其所开发的任何智慧财产权,不论是否为软体代码、图形、标志、行销材料或简单意念。因此,作为初创公司进行新兴业务,阁下须确保雇佣合约、实习协议及独立承包商协议包含保障阁下业务的法律权利及版权归属分配。

Filed Under: 新创公司, 香港雇佣法和商业移民法

香港批出首个原授标准专利注册

June 30, 2021 by OLN Marketing

知識產權署於2021年6月4日, 即自申請人提交原授專利申請之日起14個月內, 批出首個原授標準專利註冊。

原授專利制度是於2019年推出的專利制度改革的其中一部份, 為發明人提供可獲取標準專利保護額外之途徑,從而節省了需要先在香港以外的指定司法管轄區提交專利申請,然後在香港進行再註冊的需要。

有關原授專利和專利改革的其餘部分的詳細資訊,請參閱我們較早之前的”香港新專利制度“文章。

如果您就任何有關香港的專利發明保護或其他知識產權保護方面有任何疑問,請隨時與我們的知識產權團隊聯絡 info@oln-ip.com 。

2021年7月

Filed Under: 知识产权法

Wearing Red Soles has a Price

June 22, 2021 by OLN Marketing

Distinction, that was the key. The day Louboutin took his assistant’s nail polish in 1993 and painted the sole of the shoe he was making, he was telling the entire world, or at least the European Union, that shoes with red soles must be Louboutin’s. 

In 2021, the French shoe designer is suing Amazon for trademark infringement… again. 

The worldwide well-known online marketplace is offering High Heeled shoes with red soles, similar to those protected by Louboutin’s trade mark.

The case has been referred by the Luxembourg Court to the Court of Justice of the European Union.

The Red Sole Monopoly recognised in 2018 

Louboutin’s red is well protected: on 12th June 2018, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled in Case C-163/16 Christian Louboutin and Christian Louboutin SAS v Van Haren Schoenen BV that a trade mark consisting of a colour applied to the sole of a shoe may be registered in the EU. 

The Court held that a sign, such as that at issue, cannot, in any event, be regarded as consisting ‘exclusively’ of a shape, where the main element of that sign is a specific colour designated by an internationally recognised identification code. 

Previously, the Paris Court of Appeal had also considered that the application of a colour to a specific location on a product constituted a distinct and protectable trademark. 

Therefore, in the European Union, only Louboutin is allowed to paint the sole of its shoes with the bright red number 18.1663TP in the Pantone colour chart. 

Louboutin vs Amazon  – Chapter 1, Belgium

Marketplaces like Amazon are online sales platforms connecting buyers and sellers. 

Let’s say that a seller other than Louboutin wishes to offer Red Sole Shoes through Amazon. Should Amazon be liable for trademark infringement by a seller on the platform? 

Is the storage of counterfeit goods for sale considered an infringement of trade mark rights in the European Union? 

Amazon was sued by Louboutin in Belgium in order to engage its liability. 

In August 2019, Amazon was found directly liable for the counterfeiting of the red Louboutin sole by a Brussels Court even though Amazon was only in charge of the storage and shipping of the products. 

However, in April 2020, in Coty vs Amazon case, the Court of Justice of the European Union excluded any liability of Amazon judging that only the seller and not the platform has the purpose of offering those goods for sale.

National Courts within the European Union are bound by the Court of Justice of the European Union decisions. Based on the recent Coty Vs Amazon C 567/18 decision, the Brussels Court of Appeal partially overturned Louboutin’s decision in June 2020. Therefore, Louboutin lost its case. 

Louboutin vs Amazon – chapter 2, Luxembourg 

Amazon is evolving, mainly through new services launched during the pandemic. Nowadays, Amazon not only stores and ships the products, but also promotes and advertises counterfeit products through its “Fulfilment by Amazon” offer. This new era of online services could be considered as the platform’s active involvement in the sale of infringing products.

Louboutin has sued Amazon before the Court of Luxembourg. The novelty of the case compared to the 2020 Belgian lawsuit is the “Fulfilment by Amazon” offer.

Is the use of a sign identical with a trade mark in an advertisement displayed on a website attributable to its operator if, in the perception of a reasonably well informed and reasonably observant internet user, that operator has played an active part in the preparation of that advertisement or if that advertisement may be perceived by such an internet user as forming part of that operator’s own commercial communication?

Is the shipment, in the course of trade and without the consent of the proprietor of a trade mark, to the final consumer of goods bearing a sign identical with the mark constitutes a use attributable to the shipper only if the shipper has actual knowledge that that sign has been affixed to those goods?

Is such a shipper the user of the sign concerned if the shipper itself or an economically linked entity has previously made an active contribution to the display, in the course of trade, of an advertisement for the goods bearing that sign or has taken the final consumer’s order on the basis of that advertisement?

The Court of Justice of the European Union was seized on those terms by the Luxembourg Court on the 8th of March 2021. 

Given the reasoning of the previous ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union, we foresee a different issue for Amazon this time. Since Amazon is now actively promoting the goods, the Court of Justice of the European Union might consider that the platform The expected judgement will be crucial for Amazon services in the entire European Union. 

Are you considering exporting your products to the European Union? OLN’s French Practice and IP Department can assist you to make sure you are not infringing EU trademark law. 

Written: June 2021

Filed Under: 法国事务, 知识产权法

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