• Skip to primary navigation
  • Skip to main content
  • Skip to primary sidebar
  • Skip to footer
location icon香港中环雪厂街二号圣佐治大厦五楼503室phone-icon +852 2868 0696 linkedintwitterfacebook
OLN IP Services
close-btn
OLN IP Services
Get bespoke and commercially-driven advice to your Intellectual Property
Learn More
OLN IP Services
OLN Online
close-btn
OLN Online
Powered by Oldham, Li & Nie, the law firm of choice for Hong Kong’s vibrant startup and SME community, OLN Online is a forward-looking and seamless addition to traditional legal services – a true disruptor.
Learn More
OLN IP Services
  • 简
    • ENG
    • 繁
    • FR
    • 日本語
Oldham, Li & Nie
OLN IP Services
close-btn
OLN IP Services
Get bespoke and commercially-driven advice to your Intellectual Property
Learn More
OLN IP Services
OLN Online
close-btn
OLN Online
Powered by Oldham, Li & Nie, the law firm of choice for Hong Kong’s vibrant startup and SME community, OLN Online is a forward-looking and seamless addition to traditional legal services – a true disruptor.
Learn More
OLN IP Services
  • 关于
        • 奖项与排名
        • 企业社会责任
  • 专业服务
        • 加拿大公证服务
        • 中国事务
        • 破产法
        • 人身伤害法
        • Startups & Venture Capital
        • 中国委托公证服务
        • 争议解决
        • 公司和商业法
        • 家事法
        • 保险
        • 私人客户 – 遗产规划和遗嘱认证
        • 税务咨询部
        • 投资基金
        • 长者法律服务
        • 商业诈骗和资产追踪
        • 法国事务
        • 知识产权法
        • 日本事务
        • 合规、调查和执法
        • 公证服务
        • 金融服务监管部
        • 加拿大公证服务
        • 中国事务
        • 公司和商业法
        • 商业诈骗和资产追踪
        • 争议解决
        • 香港雇佣法和商业移民法律服务
        • 家事法
        • 法国事务
        • 投资基金
        • 破产法
        • 保险
        • 知识产权法
        • 公证服务
        • 人身伤害法
        • 私人客户 – 遗产规划和遗嘱认证
        • 金融服务监管部
        • Startups & Venture Capital
        • 税务咨询部
        • 日本事务
        • 长者法律服务
        • 合规、调查和执法
        • 中国委托公证服务
        • 香港雇佣法和商业移民法律服务
  • 律師團隊
  • 最新消息
  • 办事处

Suite 503, St. George's Building,
2 Ice House Street, Central, Hong Kong

Tel. +852 2868 0696 | Send Email
linkedin twitter facebook
OLN Blue

OLN

  • Block Content Examples
  • Client Information & Registration
  • Contact Us
  • Cookie Policy (EU)
  • Globalaw
  • OLN Podcasts
  • Privacy Policy
  • Review
  • Test Blog
  • 专业服务
  • 关于我们
  • 办事处
  • 加入我们
  • 律師團隊
  • 我们的历史
    • 奖项与排名
    • 高李严律师行的企业社会责任
  • 所获奖项
  • 标准服务条款
  • 联系我们
  • 评价
  • 评语
  • 高李严律师事务所和社区
  • 高李严律师行
  • 关于
        • 奖项与排名
        • 企业社会责任
  • 专业服务
        • 加拿大公证服务
        • 中国事务
        • 破产法
        • 人身伤害法
        • Startups & Venture Capital
        • 中国委托公证服务
        • 争议解决
        • 公司和商业法
        • 家事法
        • 保险
        • 私人客户 – 遗产规划和遗嘱认证
        • 税务咨询部
        • 投资基金
        • 长者法律服务
        • 商业诈骗和资产追踪
        • 法国事务
        • 知识产权法
        • 日本事务
        • 合规、调查和执法
        • 公证服务
        • 金融服务监管部
        • 加拿大公证服务
        • 中国事务
        • 公司和商业法
        • 商业诈骗和资产追踪
        • 争议解决
        • 香港雇佣法和商业移民法律服务
        • 家事法
        • 法国事务
        • 投资基金
        • 破产法
        • 保险
        • 知识产权法
        • 公证服务
        • 人身伤害法
        • 私人客户 – 遗产规划和遗嘱认证
        • 金融服务监管部
        • Startups & Venture Capital
        • 税务咨询部
        • 日本事务
        • 长者法律服务
        • 合规、调查和执法
        • 中国委托公证服务
        • 香港雇佣法和商业移民法律服务
  • 律師團隊
  • 最新消息
  • 办事处
Hiring employees in Hong Kong

聘用香港雇员、独立承包商及实习生:无风险方针

OLN Marketing

聘用香港雇员、独立承包商及实习生:无风险方针

July 7, 2021 by OLN Marketing

为节省开支及尽可能以符合成本效益的方式营运,许多初创公司及中小企将尝试透过委聘独立承包商、实习生及其他无薪职工壮大其团队。

尽管该等替代方案似乎具吸引力,但雇主在选择填补空缺的方式方面并没有无限的自由。实质上,履行雇员工作的任何个人可能被劳资审裁处及法院依法视为该公司的雇员,这可能导致公司须承担未付薪金及其他雇佣权利。

此文章将分项列出聘用雇员、独立承包商及实习生的主要法律要求,并提供小贴士,以确保阁下的业务的工作安排符合有关法律。

聘用雇员

在香港,受雇为雇员的人士一般为持续、长期需要其技能及经验的人士,并准备根据业务需要提供服务。该角色的长期性质意味着雇主可依赖雇员以维持独立承包商及实习生无法提供的服务。

在法律上,雇主须知悉以下事项:

  • 根据香港雇佣法例,雇员拥有雇佣地位,享有雇主必须提供的特定权利(如最低工资、强积金供款、法定假期、休假、生育保障、终止聘用通知期、遣散等)。
  • 任何由同一雇主连续雇用四星期或以上,且每周工作至少18小时的人一般将被视为雇主的雇员,属连续性合约。
  • 不论阁下与员工的雇佣合约对薪金、 法定 假期、通知及遣散安排的描述,作为雇主,阁下须遵守各项香港雇佣法例所规定的法定最低要求。
  • 所有受雇佣条例保障的雇员,不论其指定职位或工作时间,均享有上述法定权利及保障。该条例并无区分「长期」、「临时」、「全职」、「兼职」雇员与弹性工作员工。
  • 作为雇主,阁下有法定责任向税务局以税务为目的申报薪金及终止聘用。

聘用独立承包商或顾问(「承包商」)

一般而言,承包商为能够为阁下的业务提供短期及独特专业知识的人士。他们可以是由以项目为基础的程式员,到临时首席财务官或首席技术官。视乎阁下的要求及彼等的要求,彼等可能于阁下的处所或场外工作。然而,在法律上,除雇员外,还有多项特点:

  • 承包商并无雇佣地位。彼等与阁下业务的关系将不受香港雇佣法例或强积金法例规管,且彼等将无权收取阁下提供予雇员的福利。
  • 阁下的业务与承包商之间的关系几乎完全由双方之间的合约决定,因此阁下可随时终止与承包商的协议(受合约条款规限),并将有责任于终止承包商的服务时提供通知或作出赔偿。
  • 与雇员不同,并无法律要求向承包商支付至少最低工资。阁下可自由协定任何付款条款,而有关条款对承包商而言属合理及可接受。
  • 承包商负责其所提供和投入的,以及交付成果的成功或失败。彼等通常保留对何时、如何及何时完成工作的控制权。
  • 承包商可同时与其他公司订约。
  • 承包商一般使用其本身的设备(除合约另有规定外),此举可减少间接成本。
  • 承包商向阁下提交发票以收取项目款项。
  • 阁下不负责向税务局报告承包商的收入,更不用说就该收入预扣或征收税款。

如果我们发现错误,会发生什么情况?

在法律要求方面,承包商具有独特的灵活性,使彼等成为雇用雇员履行相同职责的便利替代方案。不幸的是,初创公司有时会陷入这样一种陷阱,认为他们与职工有独立的承包商关系,因为他们的协议说明了这样的安排因此无需担心。这种情况同样适用于创办人,他们经常错误地认为有独立的承包商关系,或获豁免遵守香港最低工资及雇佣法例。然而,倘发现实质上存在雇员与雇主的关系,则职工被授予的任何的职衔均无关重要。税务局及法院将对此不予理会,而且公司可能会因未付工资和雇佣法定权利而陷入困境。

聘用实习生

如上文所述,香港雇佣法例一般不会区分不同雇佣类别。与普遍信念相反,实习生并非法律以外存在的「魔法」职工类别。除以下若干例外情况外,实习生亦为有权享有香港雇佣法例权利及保障的雇员。首先,让我们区分有薪实习生和无薪实习生。无薪实习生基本上为获豁免最低工资的特别类别职工。基本上分为两个子类别:

  • 实习学员
  • 工作经验学员

彼等之间的主要区别在于实习学员的实习工作须由修读的教育机构安排或获其认可,且该实习工作是课程的一部份,而工作经验学员的实习工作无需获认可或与工作经验学员修读的课程有关。倘实习学员符合法定标准,他开始实习时可以是任何年龄。然而,工作经验学员当开始实习时必须为26年或以下。

初创公司与工作经验学员可协议将实习的首59天(自开始日期起按日历基准计算)视为获豁免学生雇用期,如此,于该期间,雇主将获豁免支付法定最低工资。然而,倘雇用期超过59日,工作经验学员有权至少获支付最低工资。务请注意,不论是否与同一雇主订立,工作经验学员于同一历年内不得有超过一个获豁免学生雇用期。

符合学生实习要工作求的实习允许实习学员在没有报酬的情况下合法地在工作,与工作经验学员不同,豁免最低工资的规定并没有时间限制。

然后就是有薪实习生了。在香港将任何人描述为 「有薪实习生」的用词有点不当,因为「有薪实习生」可能是真正符合上述无薪实习生法律定义的人(但阁下慷慨决定支付报酬)以及不符合该等定义的雇员,以致阁下必须至少向其支付最低工资。

要记住的重要一点是,除非阁下已证明候选人符合「无薪实习生」的所有相关标准,否则最安全的做法是假设此人将作为一名「有薪员工」加入阁下的团队。

请注意,作为雇主,如果有薪实习生年满 18 岁并连续受雇 60 个日历日或以上,阁下将需要向其缴纳强积金。如有疑问,请在聘用此类候选人之前向有经验的律师寻求意见清,因为倘证明其中任何人不符合所有标准,则阁下可能需要为已开始工作的欠薪、未支付的强积金供款以及一些严重的法律处罚负责。

记住阁下的工作场所健康及安全责任

作为企业,阁下初创公司或中小企不仅对阁下的雇员负有健康及安全责任,亦对处所内任何的无薪职工负有健康及安全责任。时刻谨记,阁下有持续责任确保其健康及安全。

我们需要什么协议?

无论阁下拟填补团队空缺的哪个职位,阁下均需订立正确起草的协议,列明受聘期间的职位、职责、薪酬及任何福利。倘阁下是一家初创公司,阁下可能需要就如何将股权(以股份或购股权形式)纳入阁下雇员的薪酬待遇内有关法律意见。

不要忘记在协议中加入保密条款及智慧财产权保护

初创公司在实习协议中更经常未有加入合适的保密及智慧财产权保护,而独立承包商协议中的保密条款亦经常起草不当,使其无用。阁下应就该等条文采取风险管理方法,并针对各业务所面对的特定风险作出调整。请与阁下的律师交谈,他将协助阁下作出所需安排。

一般而言,除非阁下的合约另有规定,否则任何为阁下的业务工作的人士将拥有其所开发的任何智慧财产权,不论是否为软体代码、图形、标志、行销材料或简单意念。因此,作为初创公司进行新兴业务,阁下须确保雇佣合约、实习协议及独立承包商协议包含保障阁下业务的法律权利及版权归属分配。

Filed Under: 新创公司, 香港雇佣法和商业移民法

香港批出首个原授标准专利注册

June 30, 2021 by OLN Marketing

知識產權署於2021年6月4日, 即自申請人提交原授專利申請之日起14個月內, 批出首個原授標準專利註冊。

原授專利制度是於2019年推出的專利制度改革的其中一部份, 為發明人提供可獲取標準專利保護額外之途徑,從而節省了需要先在香港以外的指定司法管轄區提交專利申請,然後在香港進行再註冊的需要。

有關原授專利和專利改革的其餘部分的詳細資訊,請參閱我們較早之前的”香港新專利制度“文章。

如果您就任何有關香港的專利發明保護或其他知識產權保護方面有任何疑問,請隨時與我們的知識產權團隊聯絡 info@oln-ip.com 。

2021年7月

Filed Under: 知识产权法

Wearing Red Soles has a Price

June 22, 2021 by OLN Marketing

Distinction, that was the key. The day Louboutin took his assistant’s nail polish in 1993 and painted the sole of the shoe he was making, he was telling the entire world, or at least the European Union, that shoes with red soles must be Louboutin’s. 

In 2021, the French shoe designer is suing Amazon for trademark infringement… again. 

The worldwide well-known online marketplace is offering High Heeled shoes with red soles, similar to those protected by Louboutin’s trade mark.

The case has been referred by the Luxembourg Court to the Court of Justice of the European Union.

The Red Sole Monopoly recognised in 2018 

Louboutin’s red is well protected: on 12th June 2018, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled in Case C-163/16 Christian Louboutin and Christian Louboutin SAS v Van Haren Schoenen BV that a trade mark consisting of a colour applied to the sole of a shoe may be registered in the EU. 

The Court held that a sign, such as that at issue, cannot, in any event, be regarded as consisting ‘exclusively’ of a shape, where the main element of that sign is a specific colour designated by an internationally recognised identification code. 

Previously, the Paris Court of Appeal had also considered that the application of a colour to a specific location on a product constituted a distinct and protectable trademark. 

Therefore, in the European Union, only Louboutin is allowed to paint the sole of its shoes with the bright red number 18.1663TP in the Pantone colour chart. 

Louboutin vs Amazon  – Chapter 1, Belgium

Marketplaces like Amazon are online sales platforms connecting buyers and sellers. 

Let’s say that a seller other than Louboutin wishes to offer Red Sole Shoes through Amazon. Should Amazon be liable for trademark infringement by a seller on the platform? 

Is the storage of counterfeit goods for sale considered an infringement of trade mark rights in the European Union? 

Amazon was sued by Louboutin in Belgium in order to engage its liability. 

In August 2019, Amazon was found directly liable for the counterfeiting of the red Louboutin sole by a Brussels Court even though Amazon was only in charge of the storage and shipping of the products. 

However, in April 2020, in Coty vs Amazon case, the Court of Justice of the European Union excluded any liability of Amazon judging that only the seller and not the platform has the purpose of offering those goods for sale.

National Courts within the European Union are bound by the Court of Justice of the European Union decisions. Based on the recent Coty Vs Amazon C 567/18 decision, the Brussels Court of Appeal partially overturned Louboutin’s decision in June 2020. Therefore, Louboutin lost its case. 

Louboutin vs Amazon – chapter 2, Luxembourg 

Amazon is evolving, mainly through new services launched during the pandemic. Nowadays, Amazon not only stores and ships the products, but also promotes and advertises counterfeit products through its “Fulfilment by Amazon” offer. This new era of online services could be considered as the platform’s active involvement in the sale of infringing products.

Louboutin has sued Amazon before the Court of Luxembourg. The novelty of the case compared to the 2020 Belgian lawsuit is the “Fulfilment by Amazon” offer.

Is the use of a sign identical with a trade mark in an advertisement displayed on a website attributable to its operator if, in the perception of a reasonably well informed and reasonably observant internet user, that operator has played an active part in the preparation of that advertisement or if that advertisement may be perceived by such an internet user as forming part of that operator’s own commercial communication?

Is the shipment, in the course of trade and without the consent of the proprietor of a trade mark, to the final consumer of goods bearing a sign identical with the mark constitutes a use attributable to the shipper only if the shipper has actual knowledge that that sign has been affixed to those goods?

Is such a shipper the user of the sign concerned if the shipper itself or an economically linked entity has previously made an active contribution to the display, in the course of trade, of an advertisement for the goods bearing that sign or has taken the final consumer’s order on the basis of that advertisement?

The Court of Justice of the European Union was seized on those terms by the Luxembourg Court on the 8th of March 2021. 

Given the reasoning of the previous ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union, we foresee a different issue for Amazon this time. Since Amazon is now actively promoting the goods, the Court of Justice of the European Union might consider that the platform The expected judgement will be crucial for Amazon services in the entire European Union. 

Are you considering exporting your products to the European Union? OLN’s French Practice and IP Department can assist you to make sure you are not infringing EU trademark law. 

Written: June 2021

Filed Under: 法国事务, 知识产权法

OLN IP Ranked Tier 1 in Copyright/Trademarks in ALB IP Rankings 2021

May 21, 2021 by OLN Marketing

Congratulations to Benjamin Choi and Vera Sung and the rest of the OLN IP team on being listed as a tier 1 firm for Trademarks/Copyright and as a tier 2 firm for Patents in the Asian Legal Business ‘Asia IP Rankings 2021’ for Hong Kong. For more details, please click here.

We are especially proud of this news given OLN IP is new venture. Established by OLN Oldham, Li & Nie on the 1st January 2021, OLN IP is a consultancy led by Benjamin Choi and Vera Sung. It offers tailored, commercially-driven advice to intellectual property owners, across the different IP asset classes, including IP portfolio management. For more details, please click here.

May 2021

Filed Under: 最新消息

Proposed Changes to the Profit Requirement for Main Board IPO

May 17, 2021 by OLN Marketing

Introduction

2020 was a year of turmoil, with the outbreak of COVID-19 in late 2019 and early 2020, global economy experienced the biggest slowdown in recent decades. Despite the economic downturn and the poor market sentiment, the Hong Kong IPO market saw an increase in the total IPO funds raised in 2020 by more than 26% when compared with 2019 totalling HKD397 billion and if compared with 2018, total IPO funds raised rose by 38%, while the total number of new listings dropped by approximately 15% compared with 2019 and by approximately 29% compared with 2018. 

Consultation of the Stock Exchange

The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (“Stock Exchange”) published a number of consultation papers in 2020, out of which the consultation on Corporate WVR Beneficiaries and Main Board Profit Requirement are likely to have bigger impact on the IPO market performance in 2021.

In January 2020, the Stock Exchange published the Consultation Paper on Corporate WVR Beneficiaries (“WVR Beneficiaries Consultation Paper”) proposing to extend the WVR regime to permit corporates to benefit from WVR, subject to appropriate safeguards. 

In November 2020, the Stock Exchange published the Consultation Paper on the Main Board Profit Requirement (“Profit Requirement Consultation Paper”) proposing to increase the profit requirement for Main Board listing applicants. 

The current requirement for a Main Board listing applicant is that the minimum profit attributable to shareholders shall be HKD50 million for the 3 years preceding the application, with HKD20 million for the most recent financial year and an aggregate of HKD30 million for the 2 preceding financial years. In the Profit Requirement Consultation Paper, the Stock Exchange proposed 2 options for the increase:

Option 1: raises the overall profit requirement by 150%, with a minimum profit attributable to shareholders of HKD50 million for the most recent financial year and HKD75 million for the preceding 2 financial years

Option 2: raises the overall profit requirement by 200%, with a minimum profit attributable to shareholders of HKD60 million for the most recent financial year and HKD90 million for the 2 preceding financial years

Reasons for the change

The main reason for this proposed change is that since the increase in the market capitalisation requirement from HKD200 million to HKD500 million in 2018, the implied historical P/E ratio based on the market capitalisation requirement jumped from 10 times to 25 times. The new profit requirement will bring the implied historical P/E ratio of companies only marginally meeting the profit and market capitalisation requirements down to 8-10 times, a level similar to that prior to the market capitalisation increase in 2018. The Stock Exchange has indicated that the proposed increase in profit requirement is aimed at:

  • Deterring creation of shells for subsequent disposal at a profit. 
  • Further distinguishing Main Board from GEM, attracting only sizeable companies that can meet high market standards to list on Main Board.
  • Improving the overall quality of Main board issuers.

Who would be affected most by this proposed increase in profit requirement? Obviously, companies that originally planned to list on GEM, pre-revenue biotech companies and those companies that can meet the new profit requirement will not be affected by this proposal. This proposed increase will surely drive some of the intended applicants who just marginally met the current profit requirement out of the game, unless they turn to list on GEM instead, or wait a few more years until their profits meet the new requirement. The new profit requirement does not only apply to potential Main Board listing applicants, but it also applies to listed issuers who intend to transfer their listing from GEM to the Main Board.

Effect of the new Profit Requirement

With the increase in the profit requirement for new listing applicants, the Stock Exchange expects the number of eligible companies to drop drastically. Based on the number of applications received by the Stock Exchange between 2016 and 2019, about 60% of the applicants would have become ineligible for listing upon adoption of either Option 1 or Option 2 of the new profit requirement.

Companies in early stage of development or small to medium-sized companies which have lower profits will be affected by the new profit requirement. But this does not mean they will be refused access to the capital market at all. These companies can still apply to list on GEM and raise funds for their future development. They still can transfer their listing to Main Board once they are able to meet the new Main Board profit requirement.

Transitional arrangement

The Stock Exchange acknowledges that there are companies who may have already commenced their listing project on the basis of the current profit requirement. As the new profit requirement is expected to come into effect not earlier than 1 July 2021, the Stock Exchange believes that there should be sufficient time for these potential applicants to prepare and submit their listing applications prior to the new profit requirement coming into effect. 

As indicated in the Profit Requirement Consultation Paper, applications submitted prior to the new profit requirement becoming effective will be assessed under the current profit requirement, provided that such applications have not lapsed for more than 3 months, been withdrawn, rejected or returned by the Stock Exchange. All applications submitted prior to the new profit requirement effective date will be allowed to be renewed ONCE after the new profit requirement effective date if the renewal is submitted within 3 calendar months after the original application is lapsed such that the application will continue to be assessed under the current profit requirement. But any further renewal of applications after the first renewal will be subject to assessment under the new profit requirement.

It should be noted that any applicant who has submitted their listing application prior to the new profit requirement coming into effect will not be permitted to withdraw their application and re-submit again just shortly before the new rules’ effective date such that the application will have a longer period of assessment and vetting under the current profit requirement.

Temporary relief

This may even apply to companies which might otherwise have fulfilled the new profit requirement but for the economic downturn in 2020 which caused its final year of profit attributable to shareholders to drop below the proposed new threshold. In the Profit Requirement Consultation Paper, Stock Exchange raised a point on whether temporary relief shall be granted to good quality companies with strong historical financial performance whose financial results were adversely affected by COVID-19 if certain conditions were met. If such temporary relief is adopted by the Stock Exchange, any potential company seeking such relief shall submit an application to the Stock Exchange for consideration on a case-by-case basis. As it is unclear whether this temporary relief will eventually be adopted after the consultation, it would seem unwise for companies to wait for the consultation conclusion rather than submitting their listing application prior to the effective date of the new profit requirement. If it turns out the temporary relief is not adopted, these companies may lose the chance of submitting their application before the new rule comes into effect, and will have to wait until they meet the new profit requirement.  

Conditions for granting temporary relief:

1. Aggregate profit during Track Record Period (TRP) meets the aggregate proposed profit requirement;
2. Positive cash flow from operating activities from ordinary course of business;
3. Circumstances affecting the financial performance is only temporary;
4. At least 6 months of TRP falls in 2020;
5. Sufficient disclosure on the likelihood of recurrence of circumstances affecting its financial performance plus mitigation measures undertaken plus profit forecast covering 1 full financial year after listing

GEM transfer of listing

Since the publication of the Profit Requirement Consultation Paper, sponsors have been actively pursuing potential cases trying to persuade and convince interested companies considering listing on the Main Board or a transfer to the Main Board from GEM to kick start the process in order to meet the last day for submission prior to the new rules becoming effective such that their applications will still be considered and assessed under the current profit requirement. 

Outlook for 2021

Since the proposed change in the profit requirement, if eventually adopted, will only come into effect not earlier than 1 July 2021 together with the proposed transitional arrangements which apply to applications filed before the effective date of the new rules, we can most certainly expect a surge in the number of new listing applications and transfer of listing applications to be submitted prior to the effective date of the new profit requirement. Applicants who have commenced their IPO or transfer of listing projects will definitely speed up their process with a view to submit the application before the new rule comes into effect. Even the Stock Exchange indicated in the Profit Requirement Consultation Paper that it is expected the number of applications will increase before the new rules come into effect. In fact, the Stock Exchange has accepted 102 Main Board listing applications since 1 January 2021 which is more than the combined applications for July to December 2020. Just in April 2021 the Stock Exchange has accepted 33 Main Board listing applications. It is very likely that the expected increase in number of both Main Board listing applications and GEM transfer applications will inevitably delay the process and vetting time of applications, whether these applications can proceed to listing within the original 6 months plus the additional 6 months of a renewed application under these circumstances in order to rely on the current profit requirement remain to be seen.

Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

In addition to the proposed new profit requirement, the passing of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (HFCAA) by the US government in December 2020 will also be a driving force for more US-listed Chinese companies to apply for secondary listing on the Stock Exchange pursuant to Chapter 19C of the Listing Rules. The Act requires auditors of US listed foreign companies to allow the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to inspect their audit work papers as a means to protect investors and further public interests in the preparation of informative, accurate and independent audit report. If a company fails to comply with this for 3 consecutive years, the Act requires that the SEC prohibit the securities of such company from being traded on a national securities exchange, including OTC trading.  will render the company liable to be delisted from the US stock exchange. 

With the HFCAA becoming law in the US, and the successful homecoming listings of US-listed Chinese companies in Hong Kong in 2020, we can expect the number of homecoming listings of US-listed Chinese companies to continue to grow in 2021. Amongst the top 10 largest IPOs in terms of funds raised in 2020, three of which are secondary listing of NASDAQ primary listed Chinese companies, ranking first, third and sixth. All three of these secondary listing companies are in the TMT sector, their total funds raised comprised 18.5% of the total IPO funds raised in 2020. TMT continues to be the hottest sector ranking first in terms of total funds raised in the Hong Kong IPO market in 2019 and 2020.

Consultation Conclusion on Corporate WVR Beneficiaries

The Consultation Conclusion on Corporate WVR Beneficiaries published in October 2020 further opened the gate for Greater China Issuers (having centre of gravity in Greater China) that are:

1.    controlled by one corporate WVR beneficiary (or a group of corporate beneficiaries acting in concert) which is the largest shareholder in terms of shareholders’ votes and such votes controlled by the WVR beneficiary is not less than 30% of the total shareholders’ votes (at or before 30 Oct 2020); and 
2.    primary listed on a Qualifying Exchange (being NYSE, NASDAQ and London Stock Exchange Main Market and belonging to the Premium Listing segment) on or before 30 October 2020,

to apply for secondary listing in Hong Kong.

These issuers, known as Qualifying Corporate WVR Issuers, will be treated in the same way as the Grandfathered Greater China Issuers under Chapter 19C of the Listing Rules. Qualifying Corporate WVR Issuers seeking to secondary list on the Stock Exchange shall be an innovative company and shall satisfy the qualifications for listing set out in Chapter 19C of the Listing Rules.

The total number of new listings in 2020 under the new listing regime, i.e. biotech companies, innovative companies with weighted voting rights structures and concessionary secondary listings, was 27, compared with 11 in 2019 and 7 in 2018, showing an increase by 145% and 286% respectively. 

Conclusion

The consultation period for the change in Main Board profit requirement ended on 1 February, the consultation conclusion is not yet available when this article is published. We will find out when the consultation conclusion is published which option the Stock Exchange will adopt.

In the 3 months since the Stock Exchange published the Profit Requirement Consultation Paper, the Stock Exchange has accepted a total of 44 new listing applications (including transfer of listing applications and Reverse Takeover) in November, December 2020 and January 2021. As rightly predicted by the Stock Exchange, the number of new listing applications (including transfer of listing applications and Reverse Takeover) accepted by the Stock Exchange in the three months between February and April 2021 almost doubled, totalling 85 applications. We shall see whether the number of applications accepted in the coming months prior to the new profit requirement coming into effect will continue to increase.

If you wish to learn more about listing in Hong Kong, please feel free to speak to our Simon Wong.

Simon Wong
+852 2186 1848 / +852 9460 9816
simon.wong@oln-law.com
Partner, Corporate & Commercial
Oldham, Li & Nie

May 2021

Filed Under: 公司和商业法

您为全球的税务改革作好准备吗?

May 6, 2021 by OLN Marketing

~讨论跨国公司应如何应对经合组织就自动信息交换及转让定价问题的新措施~

AEOI和CRS –对逃税的收紧控制措施

随着世界全球化,跨境经济活动近几十年来已成常态。从前,跨国公司(MNC)会采取较进取的税务策略,将其公司利润大部分藏于避税天堂内。由于这些避税天堂过往很少与外国税务机关分享资料,因此世界各国的税务部门往往难以搜集纳税人的离岸资产和交易资料及在其国家管辖范围内针对有关纳税人进行税收评估。为堵塞这些漏洞,经合组织开始率领国际实施自动信息交换(Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI))和采用通用报告标准(Common Reporting System (CRS))。

为确保参与国能在信息分享交换上互惠互利,参与国的金融机构必须定期向当地税务机关提供财务信息,然后将其转交至海外税务机关,以换取其他参与国司法管辖区所提供的相关信息。值得注意的是,截至2020年6月,已有100多个司法管辖区同意实施AEOI。

政策对我有什么影响?

假设您是国家A的税务居民,并且在国家B​​拥有离岸资产或收入。如果两个国家都承诺遵守AEOI,国家B将有义务向国家A的税务部门自动分享您的财务信息,以便该税务部门追縱您的跨国境外投资,并进行避税调查和执行违规行为。在新的披露制度下,涵盖的信息包括税务申报和财务报表、公司董事/股东、公司注册、权益、股息、账户余额、金融资产的销售收益等,令透过非披露(non-disclosure)作避税的方法极为困难,而纳税人居住地亦会针对其离岸而未申报的金融资产作出调查。

香港于2016年已就《税务条例》进行修订,以提高税收透明度和打击跨境逃税。香港政府与合作管辖区伙伴之间订立了双边协议后,双方便可进行有关信息交换。直至2020年初,香港须报告的管辖区已增加到126个,法律亦要求香港的金融机构收集个人/公司账户持有人的信息及其金融账户信息,以便与其他管辖区进行信息交换。此外,香港的金融机构必须要求帐户持有人填写自我证明表格(self-certification form)以宣告其税务居民身份,任何蓄意就居民身份作出虚假陈述的人士都有可能须负上刑事责任。

由于AEOI制度相对较新, 有关CRS制度下的潜在缺陷的新闻时有报导。例如,许多离岸司法管辖区仍未有公众公司查册制度,而最终受益人身份亦可能无法确定。但是,随着CRS制度日益完善,过去透过离岸公司用作保密的做法将被逐步淘汰。

重点

随着全球税务透明度提高,公司内部的法律专业人士应在实施任何跨境交易(尤其当某些离岸金融信息可能会被披露并向其本国机关报告)前,向他们的税务顾问征询意见。值得留意的是,它们可能不再基于保密或客户机密的原因而受到保护。此外,由于AEOI制度可能会在某些司法管辖区起追溯作用,因此,有外国业务的公司也应审查过往的交易,并确保已经充分披露有关税务资料,以避免因为将来面对调查而受罚。 

转让定价是如何运作?

如上所述,税务机关会经常密切注视跨国公司,确保其运作不会将其利润转移到海外公司。 “转让定价”是一种经常会受到挑战和审查的税务策略。跨国公司可透过“转让定价”人为地确定关联公司之间的定价,以降低整个集团的税务负担。当一间公司位于高税率管辖区而另一家关联海外公司处于低税率管辖区时,转让定价是一种常见的安排。试想像,当公司A是一间中国半导体制造商,而公司B是一家在香港成立促进全球销售的贸易公司,集团便有机会通过压低公司A的产品价格来操纵关联公司间的定价,令集团的制造利润的一部分在出售予第三方最终客户前从中国转移到香港,并享受香港更优惠的税率。以下图表解释这种情况。

世界各地的税务机关已积极采取措施透过反避税立法防止人为价格操纵以打击其征税收入。虽然各个司法管辖区的立法细节或有所不同,其共同目标均是以公平交易(arm’s length)为原则,要求定价按非关联方间进行的交易厘订。我们以下将简介香港有关转让定价的法律和实务的最新情况。

香港的转让定价(TP)

在2018年的立法修订前,《税务条例》第20条(现已废除)是一条过往长期被用作处理转让定价问题的法律。根据该条文,如果一个非香港居民与一个与它有密切联系的居民展开业务,而这些业务的安排导致该香港居民没有产生香港利润或低于一般交易的利润,该非香港居民的业务将会因被视为在香港展开业务而被香港当局征税。现时,香港的转让定价问题主要按第50AAF条连同其他反避税条款来处理。如果两个关联方之间的交易(i)有异于两个独立个体之间的交易和(ii)赋予潜在的香港税收利益,该条文则授权香港税务局按公平交易原则对收入或支出进行转让定价的调整。这原则与经合组织的《2017 OECD移转订价报告指导原则》(2017年7月发布)对应,并从2018年4月1日(即2018/19税务年度)起开始生效。值得注意的是,纳税人有责任证明交易是否以公平交易进行,如果他们不能满足香港税务局的要求,税务局可能会做出相应的转让定价调整。

三层架构的转让定价文件

总体档案和分部档案

纵使新法律已经出台,我们了解到香港的一些企业并未得悉他们可能须符合三层架构的转让定价文件要求。事实上,自2018年4月起,香港税务局会要求任何从事关联交易的香港实体准备一个总体档案(Master File)和一个分部档案(Local File)。它们必须在提交报税表时披露他们是否需要准备任何转让定价相关的文件。然而,如果某实体在一个指定的会计期间至少符合以下两个豁免标准,则可获豁免拟备有关文件。

• 跨国公司集团的总收入不超过4亿美元。
• 资产总价值不超过3亿美元;和/或
• 平均雇员人数不超过100人。

此外,如果相关的关联交易不超过以下金额,香港公司就不需要准备分部档案。

• 物业转让(无论是动产还是不动产,但不包括金融资产和无形资产) – 2.2亿港元。
• 金融资产的交易 – 1.1亿港元。
• 无形资产的转让 – 1.1亿港元;以及
• 其他交易 – 4400万港元。

香港税务局已经发表了《释义及执行指引》第58号,订下了总体档案和分部档案的详细内容。例如,总体档案必须包含公司集团的概况(包括全球业务的运营和转让定价政策),以便香港税务局评估任何重大的贸易风险。至于分部档案方面,公司必须记录企业在每个司法管辖区内的详细交易的转让定价信息,包括交易细节、涉及金额和与这些交易有关的转让定价可比性分析。

国别报告

若然跨国公司集团在上一个会计期间的综合集团收入至少为68亿港元,而该集团在两个或更多司法管辖区拥有组成实体或业务,那么该集团亦必须提交一份国别报告。该报告应包括全球收入分配、已缴税款以及跨国企业集团经营的税收管辖区之间的经济活动位置的某些指标。

转让定价可比性分析

该原则规定了五种转让定价方法,以便进行可比性研究时确定关联交易是否符合公平交易原则。确定合适的转让定价分析方法是一项非常技术性的工作,此分析已超出了本文的范围。然而,律师需要注意,税务顾问通常会根据纳税人所从事的行业或商业活动利用外部数据库进行财务数据的搜寻,并确立与同一国家内关联交易可相比较的数据,如没有相关数据的话,则会使用亚洲或世界其他地区类似市场以作比较。在许多情况下,四分位数范围等统计学概念会被用作确定关联交易是否符合公平交易原则。

惩罚

考虑到转让定价的不精确性,香港税务局已将惩罚上限订低于其他违反税例的水平,对不遵守该规则的处罚限于少缴税款的100%(而不是3倍)。如果纳税人已作出合理的努力来确定公平交易的金额,则不会被征收额外的税款。香港税务局亦认为,准备一份带有可比性分析的分部档案将被视为这方面的合理努力,而漏报或少报收入的处罚则较为严厉。

重点
对香港税务局而言,确定哪些公司有义务提交转让定价文件并不困难。很多时候,由于香港税务局并未向纳税人提出要求,企业并没有意识到新法规对他们的直接影响。因此,除非法定豁免范围适用,跨国公司可能会因不遵守有关规定而误堕法网。因此,我们建议他们在进行有关关联交易前尽早作出准备。鉴于上述涉及技术性问题,公司应征询会计和法律专家的意见以减低转让定价潜在的风险。

Filed Under: 税务咨询部

  • « Go to Previous Page
  • Page 1
  • Interim pages omitted …
  • Page 18
  • Page 19
  • Page 20
  • Page 21
  • Page 22
  • Interim pages omitted …
  • Page 53
  • Go to Next Page »

Primary Sidebar

This website uses cookies to optimise your experience and to collect information to customise content. By closing this banner, clicking a link or continuing to browse otherwise, you agree to the use of cookies. Please read the cookies section of our Privacy Policy to learn more. Learn more

Footer

OLN logo

香港中环雪厂街二号圣佐治大厦
五楼503室

电话 +852 2868 0696 | 电邮我们
关于 律师团队 办事处 OLN IP Services 私隐政策
专业服务 最新消息 加入我们 OLN Online
关于 专业服务 律师团队 最新消息 办事处
加入我们 OLN IP Services OLN Online 私隐政策
linkedin twitter facebook
OLN logo

© 2025 Oldham, Li & Nie. All Rights Reserved.

Manage Consent
To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
Functional Always active
The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.
Preferences
The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.
Statistics
The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.
Marketing
The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.
Manage options Manage services Manage {vendor_count} vendors Read more about these purposes
View preferences
{title} {title} {title}
联系我们

请在此处分享您的消息的详细信息。我们会尽快与您联系。

    x